해킹- 코스닥, 500선 붕괴…6년2개월만에 처음 | 군포철쭉축제

guarantee // insure, warrant // 보증하다 // Basic human rights, including freedom of speech, are now guaranteed. We cannot guarantee (that) our flights will never be delayed. The ticket will guarantee you free entry. We guarantee to deliver your goods within a week. [guarantee sth (against sth)] This iron is guaranteed for a year against faulty workmanship. hobby // pastime, diversion, avocation // 취미 // Her hobbies include swimming and gardening. I only play jazz as a hobby. inadequate // 1.insufficient, deficient 2.incompetent // 1.불충분한 2.부적당한 // 1)(for/to) inadequate supplies. The system is inadequate for the tasks it has to perform. The food supplies are inadequate to meet the needs of the hungry. 2)I felt totally inadequate as a parent. inborn // innate, native, natural // 타고난, 선천적인 // Good taste is inborn and cannot be learned. inaccessible // unreachable; unobtainable // 접근하기 어려운, 얻기 어려운 // [inaccessible (to sb/sth)] They live in a remote area, inaccessible except by car. The temple is now inaccessible to the public. (figurative)The language of teenagers is often completely inaccessible to (= not understood by) adults. inclination // 2.preference, tendency, trend // 1.(~할)기분, 마음 2.성향, 경향 3.경사 // 1)[(to do sth) | (towards / for sth)] He did not show the slightest inclination to leave. She lacked any inclination for housework. He was a loner by nature and by inclination. 2)(to do sth) There is an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject. 3)an inclination of 45°. the angle of inclination. insight // understanding, perception // 통찰력, 직관 // a writer of great insight. With a flash of insight I realized what the dream meant. intent // 4.purpose, intention, design // 1.흥미를 보이는 2.(계획)결심한 3.전념하는, 몰두하는 4.의도 // 1)an intent gaze / look. 2)(on/upon)They were intent on murder. Are you intent upon destroying my reputation? 3)(on/upon)I was so intent on my work that I didn't notice the time. 4)(to do sth)She denies possessing the drug with intent to supply. a letter / statement of intent. intertwine // 1.interweave, twine, intermingle // 1.뒤엉키다, 얽히다 2.관련되다 // 1)a necklace of rubies intertwined with pearls. intertwining branches. 2)Their political careers had become closely intertwined. join // 1.connect, link, untie, combine 2.meet // 1.연결하다, 결합하다 2.합류하다 // 1)[join A to B | join A and B (together / up)] Join one section of pipe to the next. Join the two sections of pipe together. The island is joined to the mainland by a bridge. 2)Will you join us for lunch? Do you mind if I join you? meddlesome // meddling, interfering, intrusive, officious // 간섭하기 좋아하는 // a meddlesome old woman. menace // threaten, intimidate // 위협하다 // The forests are being menaced by major development projects. myriad // 2.innumerable, numerous, countless, many // 1.무수 2.무수한 // 1)Designs are available in a myriad of colours. 2)the myriad problems of modern life. naive // 1.ingenuous, simple, unaffected 2.artless // 1.경험없는, 순진한 2.단순한 // 1)to be politically naive. I can't believe you were so naive as to trust him! a naive question. 2)Their approach to life is refreshingly naive. outrage // 2.atrocity 3.enrage, anger, aggravate, offend, infuriate // 1.분노 2.폭행 3.화나게 하다 // 1)The judge's remarks caused public outrage. Environmentalists have expressed outrage at the ruling. 2)No one has yet claimed responsibility for this latest bomb outrage. 3)He was outraged at the way he had been treated. particularly // especially, uniquely, specially // 특히 // particularly good / important / useful. Traffic is bad, particularly in the city centre. I enjoyed the play, particularly the second half. The lecture was not particularly (= not very) interesting. 'Did you enjoy it?' 'No, not particularly (= not very much).' principal // central, major, main, primal, prime, chief // 주요한 // The principal reason for this omission is lack of time. New roads will link the principal cities of the area. propel // 1.push, force out, drive, impel // 1.밀어내다 2.자극하다, 촉구하다 // 1)mechanically propelled vehicles. He succeeded in propelling the ball across the line. 2)He was grabbed from behind and propelled through the door. Fury propelled her into action. rigorous // 1.thorough 2.strick, severe, demanding, harsh // 1.세심한 2.엄격한 // 1)a rigorous analysis. 2)The work failed to meet their rigorous standards. savor // 1.flavor, taste 2.relish // 1.맛 2.(맛)음미하다 // 1)(figurative) For Emma, life had lost its savour. 2)He ate his meal slowly, savouring every mouthful. scramble // 1.clamber 2.mix up, jumble, muddle, tangle // 1.애써나아가다, 기어오르다 2.뒤섞다, 혼동시키다 // 1)She managed to scramble over the wall. He scrambled to his feet as we came in. 2)Alcohol seemed to have scrambled his brain. seldom // infrequently, rarely, hardly, scarcely // 거의 ~않다 // He had seldom seen a child with so much talent. She seldom, if ever, goes to the theatre. They seldom watch television these days. (literary)Seldom had he seen such beauty. simulated // artificial, imitated // 모조의, 가짜의 // simulated leather. 'How wonderful!' she said with simulated enthusiasm. The experiments were carried out under simulated examination conditions. slight // small, insignificant, trivial, trifling // 사소한 // a slight increase / change / delay / difference. I woke up with a slight headache. The damage was slight. She takes offence at the slightest thing (= is very easily offended). There was not the slightest hint of trouble. sporadic // intermittent, infrequent, rare, scarce, occasional, irregular // 산발적인, 간헐적인 // sporadic fighting / gunfire / violence, etc. sporadic outbreaks of the disease. standstill // complete stop, halt // 정지 // The security alert brought the airport to a standstill. Traffic in the northbound lane is at a complete standstill. systematic // methodical, organized // 체계적인, 조직적인 // a systematic approach to solving the problem. a systematic attempt to destroy the organization. The prisoner was subjected to systematic torture. through // by, by means of // ~에 의하여, ~때문에 // You can only achieve success through hard work. It was through him (= as a result of his help) that I got the job. The accident happened through no fault of mine. versatile // flexible, adaptable, all-around, many-sided // 다재다능한, 다방면의 // He's a versatile actor who has played a wide variety of parts. voluble // fluent, talkative, loquacious // 유창한 // Evelyn was very voluble on the subject of women's rights. // // Lesson 46 ends. amiable // agreeable, friendly, amicable, genial, cordial // 상냥한 // an amiable tone of voice. Her parents seemed very amiable. arduous // difficult, strenuous, laborious, onerous // 힘든, 노력을 요하는 // an arduous journey across the Andes. The work was arduous. ascend // climb, mount, go up // 올라가다 // [ ascend (to sth)] The path started to ascend more steeply. Mist ascended from the valley. The air became colder as we ascended. The results, ranked in ascending order (= from the lowest to the highest) are as follows:. atmosphere // air, ambiance, aura // 공기, 분위기 // a party atmosphere. The hotel offers a friendly atmosphere and personal service. Use music and lighting to create a romantic atmosphere. awe // amazement, surprise, wonder // 두려움, 경외심 // awe and respect. awe and wonder. He speaks of her with awe. 'It's magnificent,' she whispered in awe. completely // totally, perfectly, entirely, utterly // 완전히 // completely different. completely and utterly broke. I've completely forgotten her name. The explosion completely destroyed the building. cram // jam, stuff // (쑤셔)넣다 // [cram (sth) into / onto sth | cram (sth) in] He crammed eight people into his car. I could never cram in all that she does in a day. I managed to cram down a few mouthfuls of food. Supporters crammed the streets. We all managed to cram into his car. dilemma // difficult situation, predicament, strait // 곤혹 // to face a dilemma. to be in a dilemma. discharge // 1.release, set free, liberate 2.release // 1.(군인, 환자 등을)해방시키다 2.방출하다 // 1)[discharge sb (from sth)] Patients were being discharged from the hospital too early. He was discharged from the army following his injury. 2)[discharge (sth) (into sth)] The river is diverted through the power station before discharging into the sea. enlist // call up, conscript, draft, join in, enroll // 입대하다 // [enlist (sb) (in / into / for sth) | enlist (sb) (as sth)] They both enlisted in 1915. to enlist as a soldier C, [vn] He was enlisted into the US Navy. enterprise // venture, undertaking // (모험적인)사업, 프로젝트 // his latest business enterprise. a joint enterprise. escalate // increase, intensify, mount, rise // 확대되다, 악화되다 // [escalate (sth) (into sth)] The fighting escalated into a full-scale war. the escalating costs of health care C, [vn] We do not want to escalate the war. estimate // assess, evaluate, judge, value, appraise // 평가하다 // [estimate sth (at sth)] The satellite will cost an estimated $400 million. Police estimate the crowd at 30 000. The deal is estimated to be worth around $1.5 million. We estimated (that) it would cost about $5000. It is estimated (that) the project will last four years. It is hard to estimate how many children suffer from dyslexia. green hand // untrained worker // 미숙한 사람 // Mr. Kim is a green hand at foreign trade. inclined // 2.apt, liable, prone, disposed 3.slanted, tilted // 1.(~하기를)원하는 2.~의 경향이 있는 3.경사진, 기울어진 // (to) 1)She was inclined to trust him. He writes only when he feels inclined to. There'll be time for a swim if you feel so inclined. 2)He's inclined to be lazy. They'll be more inclined to listen if you don't shout. incoherent // 2.disordered, unintelligible // 1.말문이 막힌 2.두서 없는 // 1)She broke off, incoherent with anger. 2)an incoherent policy. innovate // begin, create, pioneer // 시작하다 // 혁신하다, (새기술)소개하다 // We must constantly adapt and innovate to ensure success in a growing market. to innovate new products. lading // cargo, load, freight // 화물 original // 1.initial, primary, early, opening 2.imaginative, creative, inventive // 1.처음의 2.독창적인 // 1)The room still has many of its original features. I think you should go back to your original plan. 2)an original idea. That's not a very original suggestion. an original thinker. outrageous // scandalous, shocking, offensive, intolerable // 지나친, 엄청난, 믿기지 않는 // outrageous behaviour. 'That's outrageous!' he protested. She says the most outrageous things sometimes. outrageous clothes. picture // represent, portray, depict // 묘사하다 // Before the trial Liz had been pictured as a frail woman dominated by her husband. preliminary // 1.initial, introductory, preparatory // 1.서두의, 예비의 2.사전준비 // 1)[preliminary (to sth)] After a few preliminary remarks he announced the winners. preliminary results / findings / enquiries. the preliminary rounds of the contest. pilot studies preliminary to a full-scale study. 2)(to) Research will be needed as a preliminary to taking a decision. preoccupation // absorption, obsession // 몰두, 강박관념 // [preoccupation (with sth)] She found his preoccupation with money irritating. His current preoccupation is the appointment of the new manager. preserve // protect, save, maintain, conserve, keep // 보호하다, 보존하다 // He was anxious to preserve his reputation. Efforts to preserve the peace have failed. a perfectly preserved 14th century house. (humorous)Is he really 60? He's remarkably well preserved. radiant // 2.bright, vivid, brilliant, beaming, glowing // 1.(표정)행복해 보이는 2.빛나는 // 1)[radiant (with sth)] a radiant smile. The bride looked radiant. She was radiant with health. 2)The sun was radiant in a clear blue sky. research // investigate, study, examine, scrutinize // 조사하다 // [research (into / in / on sth)] They’re researching into ways of improving people's diet. to research a problem / topic / market. She's in New York researching her new book (= finding facts and information to put in it). reverence // worship, veneration, homage, respect, awe // 존경 // [reverence (for sb/sth)] The poem conveys his deep reverence for nature. reverse // invert, revoke // 바꾸다, 뒤집다 // to reverse a procedure / process / trend. The government has failed to reverse the economic decline. It is sometimes possible to arrest or reverse the disease. The Court of Appeal reversed the decision. right // correct, proper, appropriate // 옳은, 적절한 // [right (to do sth)] You were quite right to criticize him. Is it ever right to kill? It seems only right to warn you of the risk. I hope we’re doing the right thing. satire // irony, sarcasm // 풍자 // political / social satire. a work full of savage / biting satire. segregate // 2.seclude, separate, dissociate, disunite // 1.차별하다 2.떼어놓다, 분리하다 // 1)[segregate sb (from sb)] a culture in which women are segregated from men. a racially segregated community. a segregated school (= one for students of one race or religion only) 2)[segregate sth (from sth)] In all our restaurants, smoking and non-smoking areas are segregated from each other. stable // unchangeable, invariable, constant, steady, steadfast // 안정된 // stable prices. a stable relationship. This ladder doesn't seem very stable. The patient's condition is stable (= it is not getting worse). strong // robust, mighty // 강한 // strong muscles. She wasn't a strong swimmer (= she could not swim well). He's strong enough to lift a car! tease // 1.make fun of, deride 2.irritate, bother, annoy // 1.농담하다, 놀리다, 비웃다 2.괴롭히다 // 1)Don't get upset--I was only teasing. I used to get teased about my name. 2)Stop teasing the cat! tempting // inviting, attractive, seductive, alluring // 매력적인, 유혹하는 // It was a tempting offer. That cake looks very tempting. It's tempting to speculate about what might have happened. type // kind, sort // 종류, 유형 // [type (of sth)] different racial types. a rare blood type. There are three main types of contract(s). Bungalows are a type of house. She mixes with all types of people. She mixes with people of all types. I love this type of book. I love these types of books. (informal) I love these type of books. underlying // 1.fundamental, basic, elementary // 1.근본적인 2.밑에있는 // 1)The underlying assumption is that the amount of money available is limited. Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate. 2)the underlying rock formation. vein // blood vessel // 정맥 // the jugular vein. // // Lesson 47 ends. absolutely // totally, utterly, completely // 전적으로 // You're absolutely right. He made it absolutely clear. caption // title, heading // 표제 // a photograph of the couple captioned 'rebuilding their romance'. categorize // arrange in classes, classify, group, class // 분류하다 // [categorize sb/sth (as sth)] Participants were categorized according to age. His latest work cannot be categorized as either a novel or an autobiography. complicated // complex, intricate // 복잡한 // a complicated system. The instructions look very complicated. C, It's all very complicated--but I'll try and explain. conflicting // opposing, contrary, clashing // 상반(상충)되는 // [conflicting opinions/demands/interests etc] I had been given a great deal of conflicting advice. There are conflicting views about what caused the accident. gratify // please, satisfy, appease // 만족시키다, 기쁘게하다 // It gratified him to think that it was all his work. I was gratified by their invitation. in operation // being used // 작동중인 // The system has been in operation for six months. Temporary traffic controls are in operation on New Road. instrument // 1.means, mechanism 2.apparatus, appliance, tool, device // 1.수단, 방법 2.기구, 도구 // 1)[instrument of / for sth] The law is not the best instrument for dealing with family matters. an instrument of change. 2)surgical / optical / precision, etc. instruments. instruments of torture. intrude // trespass, encroach, violate // 침입하다, 침범하다 // [intrude (into / on / upon sb/sth)] I'm sorry to intrude, but I need to talk to someone. legislation to stop newspapers from intruding on people's private lives. key // 1.tone 2.secret, essential, important, central // 1.가락, (음악)조 2.필수적인, 중요한 // 1)a sonata in the key of E flat major. 2)[key (to sth)] The key to success is preparation. The driver of the car probably holds the key to solving the crime. (especially NAmE) The key is, how long can the federal government control the inflation rate? legacy // tradition, inheritance, heritage // (전통적인)유산 // They each received a legacy of $5000. manufacture // make, build, construct, mass-produce // (대규모로)제조하다 // manufactured goods. memorable // unforgettable, notable, remarkable, noteworthy // 기억할 만한, 인상적인 // a truly memorable occasion. narrow // taper // 좁아지다, 좁게하다 // This is where the river narrows. The gap between the two teams has narrowed to three points. Her eyes narrowed (= almost closed) menacingly. He narrowed his eyes at her. We need to try and narrow the health divide between rich and poor. occasion // 2.event, affair // 1.때 2.행사, 사건 3.시기 // 1)on this / that occasion. I've met him on several occasions. I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health.2)a great / memorable / happy occasion. Turn every meal into a special occasion. 3)[occasion (for sth / doing sth)] It should have been an occasion for rejoicing, but she could not feel any real joy. occasional // infrequent, irregular, sporadic // 가끔의 // He works for us on an occasional basis. I enjoy the occasional glass of wine. He spent five years in Paris, with occasional visits to Italy. an occasional smoker (= a person who smokes, but not often). oversee // supervise, manage, control // 감독하다 // A team leader was appointed to oversee the project. oversight // 1.omission, mistake, blunder, slip, error // 1.실수 2.감독 // 1)I didn't mean to leave her name off the list; it was an oversight. 2)The committee has oversight of finance and general policy. peaceful // serene, tranquil, placid, quiet, calm // 평온한 // a peaceful atmosphere. peaceful sleep. It's so peaceful out here in the country. He had a peaceful life. peak // summit, maximum, pinnacle, height, apex // 정점, 절정 // Traffic reaches its peak between 8 and 9 in the morning. She's at the peak of her career. the peaks and troughs of married life. perforate // pierce, punch, puncture, hole // 구멍을 뚫다 // The explosion perforated his eardrum. a perforated line (= a row of small holes in paper, made so that a part can be torn off easily). piquant // 1.savory, spicy 2.provocative, stimulating // 1.(맛이)톡 쏘는, 자극적인 2.흥미를 유발하는 // 1)a piquant wild mushroom sauce. 2)It is always fresh and often pleasingly piquant. quit // give up, stop, resign, retire // 그만두다, 사직하다 // [quit (as sth)] If I don't get more money I'll quit. He has decided to quit as manager of the team. He quit the show last year because of bad health. I've quit smoking. Just quit it! We only just started. We're not going to quit now. reinforcement // 1.support // 1.지원군 2.보강, 강화 // 1)(pl) to send in reinforcements. 2)The bridge needs some structural reinforcement. remnant // trace, remains, relics // 나머지, 잔재, 자취 // The woods are remnants of a huge forest which once covered the whole area. remove // 3.eliminate, withdraw, extract // 1.치우다 2.벗다 3.제거하다 // 1)[remove sth/sb (from sth/sb)] He removed his hand from her shoulder. Illegally parked vehicles will be removed. 2)She removed her glasses and rubbed her eyes. 3)She has had the tumour removed. to remove problems / obstacles / objections. The news removed any doubts about the company's future. role // function, duty, capacity // 역할, 기능 // the role of the teacher in the classroom. She refused to take on the traditional woman's role. In many marriages there has been a complete role reversal (= change of roles) with the man staying at home and the woman going out to work. shudder // 1.tremor, shiver, quiver, shake // 1.떨림, 전율 2.떨다 // 1)a shudder of fear. She gave an involuntary shudder. 2)[shudder (with sth) | shudder (at sth)] Just thinking about the accident makes me shudder. Alone in the car, she shuddered with fear. I shuddered at the thought of all the trouble I'd caused. spite // ill-will, maliciousness, malice // 악의, 심술 // I'm sure he only said it out of spite. spread out // extend, broaden, stretch // 펼치다, 늘어놓다 // There's more room to spread out in first class. Do you have to spread yourself out all over the sofa? strip // 1.undress 2.remove, divest, deprive // 1.벗다 2.제거하다 // 1)[strip sth (off) | strip (down to sth) | strip sb (to sth)] I stripped and washed myself all over. We stripped off and ran down to the water. She stripped down to her underwear. 2)[strip sth (out)] We had to strip out all the old wiring and start again. Thieves had stripped the house bare. temporary // makeshift, for a limited time, transient, transitory // 일시적인 // temporary relief from pain. I'm looking for some temporary work. They had to move into temporary accommodation. a temporary measure / solution / arrangement. More than half the staff are temporary. tendency // trend, inclination, proneness, bent // 경향, 성향 // [tendency (for sb/sth) (to do sth) | tendency (to / towards sth)] to display artistic, etc. tendencies. I have a tendency to talk too much when I'm nervous. There is a tendency for this disease to run in families. She has a strong natural tendency towards caution. underpinning // foundation, basis // 토대, 기초, 기반 // the economic underpinning of ancient Mexican society. the violent woman-hating underpinnings of films like 'Cape Fear'. / underpin 떠받치다.

document // 1.record, register, report, log // 1.기록하다 2.증거서류로 입증하다 // 1)Causes of the disease have been well documented. 2)documented evidence. excite // 1.thrill 2.provoke, stir up, arouse // 1.흥분시키다 2.자극하다, 야기하다 // 1)The prospect of a year in India greatly excited her. 2)[excite sth (in sb)] The European Parliament is not an institution which excites interest in voters. to excite attention / criticism / curiosity. The news has certainly excited comment (= made people talk about it). extent // 1.scope, range, space, stretch // 1.범위 2.넓이, 면적 // 1)It is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage. She was exaggerating the true extent of the problem. I was amazed at the extent of his knowledge. 2)You can't see the full extent of the beach from here. from time to time // now and then // 때때로, 이따금 // She has to work at weekends from time to time. fusion // 1.union // 1.통합 2.용해, 융합 // 1)the fusion of copper and zinc to produce brass. The movie displayed a perfect fusion of image and sound. 2)nuclear fusion. hunt // 2.scour, seek, search // 1.사냥하다 2.찾다 3.추적하다 // 1)Lions sometimes hunt alone. Whales are still being hunted and killed in the Arctic. 2)[hunt (for sth)] I've hunted everywhere but I can't find it. She is still hunting for a new job. 3)[hunt (for) sb] I've hunted everywhere but I can't find it. She is still hunting for a new job. illicit // unlawful, illegitimate, illegal // 불법적인 // illicit drugs. improper // unfit, inappropriate // 부적당한 // improper business practices. improper conduct. There was nothing improper about our relationship (= it did not involve sex). It would be improper to comment at this stage. incessant // continuous, unceasing, everlasting, constant, uninterrupted // 끊임없는 // incessant noise / rain / chatter. incessant meetings. infrequent // occasional, rare // 가끔의 // her infrequent visits home. Muggings are relatively infrequent in this area. inhospitable // 1.unwelcoming, unfavorable, unfriendly, desolate 2.uninviting, unwelcoming, bleak // 1.불친절한 2.황량한, (기후)혹독한 // 2)inhospitable terrain. an inhospitable climate. intact // undamaged, uninjured, sound, unimpaired // 손상되지 않은 // Most of the house remains intact even after two hundred years. He emerged from the trial with his reputation intact. override // 1.cancel, annul, nullify, overrule 2.overweigh, supersede // 1.무효화 하다 2.~에 우선하다, 앞서다 // 1)The chairman overrode the committee's objections and signed the agreement. 2)Considerations of safety override all other concerns. pore over // examine, scrutinize, scan, study, read intently, peruse // 자세히 보다, 정독하다 // His lawyers are poring over the small print in the contract. She was poring over a book. proponent // advocate, supporter, partisan, adherent, disciple // 지지자 // [proponent (of sth)] Steinem has always been a strong proponent of women's rights. [leading/main/major proponent] Dr George is one of the leading proponents of this view. profusion // abundance, wealth // 풍부, 다량 // a profusion of colours. Roses grew in profusion against the old wall. pure // 1.unmixed, unalloyed 2.clear, clean, spotless 3.sheer, utter, simple, absolute // 1.순수한 2.깨끗한 3.완전한 // 1)pure gold / silk, etc. These shirts are 100% pure cotton. 2)a bottle of pure water. The air was sweet and pure. 3)They met by pure chance. She laughed with pure joy. rough // 1.uneven, rugged, bumpy, irregular 2.approximate // 1.울퉁불퉁한 2.대략의 // 1)rough ground. The skin on her hands was hard and rough. Trim rough edges with a sharp knife. 2)a rough calculation / estimate of the cost. I've got a rough idea of where I want to go. There were about 20 people there, at a rough guess. sheer // 1.utter, complete, absolute, pure 2.steep, precipitous, abrupt 3.diaphanous, gauzy // 1.완전한 2.가파른 3.얇은, 투명한 // 1)The area is under threat from the sheer number of tourists using it. We were impressed by the sheer size of the cathedral. The concert was sheer delight. 2)sheer cliffs / slopes. Outside there was a sheer drop down to the sea below. 3)sheer nylon. stand for // 1.symbolize, represent // 1.~을 나타내다, 의미하다 2.지지하다 // 1)'The book's by T.C. Smith.' 'What does the 'T.C.' stand for?' 2)I hated the organization and all it stood for (= the ideas that it supported). stationary // 1.unmoving, motionless, immobile 2.static // 1.정지한 2.변화가 없는 // 1)I remained stationary. The car collided with a stationary vehicle. a stationary exercise bike. 2)a stationary population. submarine // underwater // 해저의 // submarine plant life. submarine cables. submerge // plunge, inundate, immerse, submerse // 잠수하다, 물 속에 넣다 // The submarine had had time to submerge before the warship could approach. The fields had been submerged by floodwater. surmise // speculate, guess, suppose, conjecture, hypothesize // 추측하다 // From the looks on their faces, I surmised that they had had an argument. suspect // 1.believe, consider, suppose, guess 2.doubt, distrust // 1.생각하다, 추측하다 2.의심하다 // 1)If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light. Suspecting nothing, he walked right into the trap. I began to suspect (that) they were trying to get rid of me. 2)I suspected her motives in offering to help. sustainable // 1.endurable, bearable // 1.지속할 수 있는 2.환경을 파괴하지 않는 // 1)sustainable economic growth. 2)sustainable forest management. an environmentally sustainable society. The government should do more to promote sustainable agriculture. the sustainable use of rainforest resources. unequaled // matchless, unparalleled, peerless // 뛰어난 // an unequalled record of success. unsurpassed // unmatched, unrivalled, unequaled, unparalleled, superior, superlative // 비길 데 없는, 탁월한 // an unsurpassed knowledge of Greek history. unwittingly // unintentionally // 무의식 중에, 고의가 아닌 // She had broken the law unwittingly, but still she had broken it. urge // 1.encourage, try to persuade, enjoin, adjure 2.advise, counsel 3.compulsion, impulse, drive // 1.권하다, ~하게 만들다 2.추천하다 3.충동 // 1) She urged him to stay. The report urged that all children be taught to swim. 2)[urge sth (on / upon sb)] The situation is dangerous and the UN is urging caution. 3)[urge (to do sth)] sexual urges. I had a sudden urge to hit him. with little regard to // with little attention to // ~을 거의 고려하지 않고, ~에 상관없이 // Sam filled out the form with little regard to the instructions. // // Lesson 54 ends. abandonment // 1.desertion, neglect, forsakenness 2.renunciation, relinquishment, rejection // 1.유기, 버림 2.포기, 취소 // 1)memories of her father's complete abandonment of her 2)Constant rain forced the abandonment of the next day's competitons. the government's abandonment of its new economic policy. abuse // 1.misuse, ill-use 2.maltreat, mistreat // 1.남용하다, 오용하다 2.학대하다 // 1)to abuse alcohol / drugs. He systematically abused his body with heroin and cocaine. She abused her position as principal by giving jobs to her friends. 2)All the children had been physically and emotionally abused. He had abused his own daughter (= had sex with her). The boy had been sexually abused. accommodate // 1.adapt, suit, fit 2.lodge, make room for, hold, contain 3.provide for, supply // 1.맞추다, 적응시키다 2.수용하다, 숙박시키다 3.공급하다 // 1)[accommodate to sth | accommodate sth / yourself to sth] I needed to accommodate to the new schedule. 2)The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests. 3)The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests. affront // 2.offend, insult, abuse // 1.모욕 2.모욕하다 // 1)[affront (to sb/sth)] The comments were an affront to his pride. 2)He hoped they would not feel affronted if they were not invited. an affronted expression. aggressive // 1.offensive, militant 2.forceful, pushing // 1.공격적인 2.적극적인 // 1)He gets aggressive when he's drunk. a dangerous aggressive dog. 2)an aggressive advertising campaign. A good salesperson has to be aggressive in today's competitive market. as well as // in addition to, also // 또한, ~뿐만 아니라 // Are they coming as well? They sell books as well as newspapers. She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer. cardinal // 1.basic, main, chief, prime, fundamental, primary, principal, essential // 1.가장중요한, 기본적인 2.추기경 // 1)Respect for life is a cardinal principle of English law. 2)Cardinal Hume. cautious // careful, prudent, discreet, wary // 신중한, 조심성 있는 // [cautious (about sb/sth) | cautious (about doing sth)] He was very cautious about committing himself to anything. The government has been cautious in its response to the report. They've taken a very cautious approach. They expressed cautious optimism about a solution to the crisis. celebrate // 1.commemorate, observe 2.praise, laud // 1.축하하다 2.찬양하다 // 1)Jake's passed his exams. We're going out to celebrate. We celebrated our 25th wedding anniversary in Florence. How do people celebrate New Year in your country? 2)a movie celebrating the life and work of Martin Luther King. continuous // uninterrupted, consecutive, ceaseless // 연속적인 // She was in continuous employment until the age of sixty-five. The rain has been continuous since this morning. For four days the town suffered continuous attacks. derive // obtain, draw, originate, trace // 1.얻다, 추출하다 2.~에서 유래하다 // 1)[derive sth from sth] He derived great pleasure from painting. The new drug is derived from fish oil. 2)[derive from sth | be derived from sth] The word 'politics' is derived from a Greek word meaning 'city'. despite // notwithstanding, in spite of // ~에도 불구하고 // Her voice was shaking despite all her efforts to control it. Despite applying for hundreds of jobs, he is still out of work. She was good at physics despite the fact that she found it boring. dim // 1.dark, darkish 2.faint, weak 3.vague, unclear, indistinct // 1.어둑한 2.흐릿한 3.(기억)희미한 // 1)the dim glow of the fire in the grate. This light is too dim to read by. 2)a dim room / street. 3)dim memories. She had a dim recollection of the visit. disgusting // revolting, repellent, offensive, sickening, nauseating, displeasing // 아주싫은, 불쾌한 // The kitchen was in a disgusting state when she left. What a disgusting smell! exposition // 1.explanation, description 2.exhibition, display, presentation // 1.설명, 해설 2.전시, 진열 // 1)a clear and detailed exposition of their legal position. 2)an art exposition. extraneous // unneeded, unnecessary, irrelevant, unrelated // 관계없는 // [extraneous (to sth)] We do not want any extraneous information on the page. We shall ignore factors extraneous to the problem. feed // 2.graze // 1.음식을 주다 2.먹이를 먹다 3.(정보)제공하다 // 1)[feed sb/sth (on) sth | feed sth to sb/sth] Have you fed the cat yet? The baby can't feed itself yet (= can't put food into its own mouth). 2)Slugs and snails feed at night. 3)[feed sb sth | feed sth to sb] We are constantly fed gossip and speculation by the media. Gossip and speculation are constantly fed to us by the media. happen // occur, befall // (사건이) 발생하다 // You'll never guess what's happened! Accidents like this happen all the time. Let's see what happens next week. I'll be there whatever happens. I don't know how this happened. impartially // fairly, without bias // 공정하게 // We offer impartial advice on tax and insurance. an impartial inquiry into the deaths. an impartial observer. indeed // in truth, in fact, surely, really // 정말로 // 'Was he very angry?' 'Indeed he was.'. 'Do you agree?' 'Indeed I do / Yes, indeed.'. 'You said you'd help?' 'I did indeed--yes.'. It is indeed a remarkable achievement. innovation // 1.change, alteration, revolution 2.novelty, new idea, new measure // 1.혁신 2.새기술 // [innovation (in sth)] 1)an age of technological innovation. 2)recent innovations in steel-making technology. jeer // 1.taunt, scoff, mock, scorn, ridicule, sneer 2.taunt // 1.비웃다, 조롱하다 2.조롱, 조소 // 1)[jeer (at sb)] a jeering crowd. The police were jeered at by the waiting crowd. The players were jeered by disappointed fans. 2)He walked on to the stage to be greeted with jeers and whistles. noticed // observed // 주목 받는 // She wears those strange clothes just to get herself noticed. nourish // feed, nurture, breed // 기르다, 키우다 // All the children were well nourished and in good physical condition. outcome // result, consequence, end, conclusion // 결과 // We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations. These costs are payable whatever the outcome of the case. We are confident of a successful outcome. Four possible outcomes have been identified. paramount // 1.supreme, chief, principal, sovereign // 1.가장 중요한 2.최고권력을 가진 // 1)This matter is of paramount importance. Safety is paramount. 2)China’s paramount leader ponder // think about, give thought to, consider, review, weigh, muse // 심사 숙고하다 // [ponder (about / on / over sth)] She pondered over his words. They were left to ponder on the implications of the announcement. The senator pondered the question for a moment. They are pondering whether the money could be better used elsewhere. prepare // ready, prime, arrange // 준비하다 // [prepare sth/sb (for sb/sth)] to prepare a report. A hotel room is being prepared for them. The college prepares students for a career in business. procurement // obtaining // 획득, 확보 // [procure something for somebody] He was accused of procuring weapons for terrorists. produce // 1.manufacture // 1.생산하다 2.재배하다, (새끼)낳다 // 1)a factory that produces microchips. 2)The region produces over 50% of the country's wheat. Our cat produced kittens last week. Her duty was to produce an heir to the throne. propose // offer, proffer, suggest // 제안하다 // The government proposed changes to the voting system. What would you propose? She proposed that the book be banned. It was proposed that the president be elected for a period of two years. He proposed changing the name of the company. It was proposed to pay the money from public funds. prosperous // affluent, wealthy, thriving, successful, flourishing // 번영하는, 부유한 // prosperous countries. purpose // goal, aim, end, function, object // 목적 // Our campaign's main purpose is to raise money. The purpose of the book is to provide a complete guide to the university. A meeting was called for the purpose of appointing a new treasurer. The experiments serve no useful purpose (= are not useful). The building is used for religious purposes. scent // fragrance, perfume, odor // 향기, 냄새 // The air was filled with the scent of wild flowers. These flowers have no scent. spring up // suddenly arise, emerge // 갑자기 나타나다 // Fast-food restaurants are springing up all over town. stubborn // obstinate, dogged, rigid, persistent, headstrong // 완고한, 완강한 // He was too stubborn to admit that he was wrong. She can be as stubborn as a mule. stubborn pride. a stubborn resistance to change. a stubborn refusal to listen. subsistence // survival, existence, living // 생존 // Many families are living below the level of subsistence. to live below (the) subsistence level. They had no visible means of subsistence. subsistence agriculture / farming (= growing enough only to live on, not to sell). subsistence crops. He worked a 16-hour day for a subsistence wage (= enough money to buy only basic items). territorial // of or relating to territory // 영토의 // territorial disputes. Both countries feel they have territorial claims to (= have a right to own) the islands. // // Lesson 55 ends. ancient // prehistoric, antique, old, aged // 고대의, 옛날의 // ancient history / civilization. ancient Greece. annihilate // remove, clear, abolish, exterminate, eradicate // 전멸시키다 // The human race has enough weapons to annihilate itself. antagonist // opponent, adversary, enemy, foe // 적대자 // Spassky had never previously lost to his antagonist. arrange // order, array // 배열하다 // The books are arranged alphabetically by author. I must arrange my financial affairs and make a will. She arranged the flowers in a vase. clutch // grasp, grab, grip, seize, snatch // 꽉 붙잡다 // He clutched the child to him. She stood there, the flowers still clutched in her hand. I clutched on to the chair for support. contour // outline, shape, form, lines, curves // 윤곽 // The road follows the natural contours of the coastline. She traced the contours of his face with her finger. contradictory // opposite, paradoxical, contrary, inconsistent, conflicting // 모순된 // We are faced with two apparently contradictory statements. The advice I received was often contradictory. converse // 1.opposite, reverse // 1.반대의 2.반대 // 1)the converse effect. 2)[the converse] Building new roads increases traffic and the converse is equally true: reducing the number and size of roads means less traffic. dependent // reliant, relying on // 의존하는 // [dependent (on / upon sb/sth) (for sth)] a woman with several dependent children. You can't be dependent on your parents all your life. The festival is heavily dependent on sponsorship for its success. depose // oust // 쫓아내다 // The president was deposed in a military coup. distress // 1.pain, agony, anguish, anxiety, torment 2.hardship // 1.고민, 고통 2.곤란, 곤궁 // 1)The newspaper article caused the actor considerable distress. She was obviously in distress after the attack. deep emotional distress. 2)economic / financial distress. diverge // 1.separate, deviate, part, branch off 2.differ, be different, disagree // 1.(방향)갈라지다 2.(의견)다르다 // 1)[diverge (from sth)] The parallel lines appear to diverge. The coastal road diverges from the freeway just north of Santa Monica. Many species have diverged from a single ancestor. 2)[diverge (from sth)] Opinions diverge greatly on this issue. diversity // variety // 다양성 // the biological diversity of the rainforests. a great / wide / rich diversity of opinion. divert // 1.redirect, reroute, avert, deflect, switch 2.distract, detract, lead away // 1.(방향)전환하다 2.(주의, 흥미)딴데로 돌리다 // [divert sb/sth (from sth) (to sth)] 1)Northbound traffic will have to be diverted onto minor roads. 2)The war diverted people's attention away from the economic situation. enable // permit, facilitate, allow // ~을 가능케 하다 // The software enables you to access the Internet in seconds. a new programme to enable older people to study at college. Insulin enables the body to use and store sugar. a new train line to enable easier access to the stadium. exclusively // only, solely, entirely, totally // 배타적으로, 독점적으로, 오로지 // a charity that relies almost exclusively on voluntary contributions. ferry // transfer, carry, convey, transport // 수송하다 // He offered to ferry us across the river in his boat. The children need to be ferried to and from school. hole // pit, pore, opening, cavity, hollow // 구멍 // He dug a deep hole in the garden. The bomb blew a huge hole in the ground. Water had collected in the holes in the road. in fact // actually, precisely, really // 사실상 // I used to live in France; in fact, not far from where you're going. I thought the work would be difficult. In actual fact, it's very easy. legitimate // 1.valid, sound, justifiable 2.lawful, licit, legal, valid // 1.합리적인 2.합법적인 // 1)a legitimate grievance. It seemed a perfectly legitimate question. Politicians are legitimate targets for satire. 2)the legitimate government of the country. Is his business strictly legitimate? neat // 1.orderly, trim, tidy // 1.정돈된, 단정한 2.깔끔한 // 1)a neat desk C, neat handwriting. neat rows of books. She was wearing a neat black suit. They sat in her neat and tidy kitchen. 2)Try and be neater! notion // opinion, view, concept, general idea, understanding, idea, awareness // 견해, 개념, 생각 // [notion (that... ) | notion (of sth)] a political system based on the notions of equality and liberty. I have to reject the notion that greed can be a good thing. She had only a vague notion of what might happen. perennial // persistent, constant, continual, long-lasting // 장기간 계속되는 // the perennial problem of water shortage. that perennial favourite, hamburgers. persecute // oppress, harass, molest, torment // 박해하다, 괴롭히다 // [persecute sb (for sth)] Throughout history, people have been persecuted for their religious beliefs. persecuted minorities. portion // part, segment, fragment, section // 부분 // a substantial / significant portion of the population. Only a small portion of the budget is spent on books. The central portion of the bridge collapsed. prestige // status, influence, distinction // 지위, 명성 // personal prestige. There is a lot of prestige attached to owning a car like this. jobs with low prestige. prized // treasured, precious, valued, much loved // 가장아끼는, 귀중한 // I lost some of my most prized possessions in the fire. result // sequence, product, outcome, effect, consequence // 결과 // [result (of sth)] She died as a result of her injuries. The failure of the company was a direct result of bad management. He made one big mistake, and, as a result, lost his job. The farm was flooded, with the result that most of the harvest was lost. The end result (= the final one) of her hard work was a place at medical school. rich // 1.affluent, ample 2.fertile, abundant // 1.풍부한, 많은 2.비옥한 // 1)[rich (in sth)] Oranges are rich in vitamin C. The area is rich in wildlife. His novels are a rich source of material for the movie industry. iron-rich rocks. 2)a rich well-drained soil. series // sequence, succession // 일련, 연속 // [series of sth] The incident sparked off a whole series of events that nobody had foreseen. the latest in a series of articles on the nature of modern society. sole // only, single, solitary // 유일한 // the sole surviving member of the family. My sole reason for coming here was to see you. This is the sole means of access to the building. stingy // parsimonious, miserly, mean // 인색한 // You're stingy! (= not willing to spend money). Don't be so stingy with the cream! suggestion // 2.implication, hint, overtone // 1.제안, 제의 2.암시 // 1)[suggestion (for / about / on sth) | suggestion (that...)] Can I make a suggestion? Do you have any suggestions? I'd like to hear your suggestions for ways of raising money. 2)[suggestion of / that] A spokesman dismissed any suggestion of a boardroom rift. There was no suggestion that he was doing anything illegal. supervise // direct, control, oversee, manage // 감독하다 // to supervise building work. She supervised the children playing near the pool. surmount // overcome, conquer // 극복하다 // She was well aware of the difficulties that had to be surmounted. trade // barter, exchange, swap // 매매하다, 교역하다 // The firm openly traded in arms. Early explorers traded directly with the Indians. trading partners (= countries that you trade with). Our products are now traded worldwide. unchanged // even // 불변의 // My opinion remains unchanged. uneven // 1.rough, bumpy // 1.울퉁불퉁한 2.불규칙한 // 1)The floor felt uneven under his feet. 2)Her breathing was quick and uneven. uneven teeth. uninterested // indifferent, unconcerned // 무관심한 // [uninterested (in sb/sth)] He was totally uninterested in sport. She seemed cold and uninterested. way // method, means // 방법 // [way (to do sth) | way (of doing sth)] That's not the right way to hold a pair of scissors. I'm not happy with this way of working. I hate the way she always criticizes me. I told you we should have done it my way! Infectious diseases can be acquired in several ways. I generally get what I want one way or another (= by some means). // // Lesson 56 ends. apply // use, employ, utilize // 사용(적용)하다 // [apply sth (to sth)] to apply economic sanctions / political pressure. The new technology was applied to farming. appreciate // 1.recognize, value 3.realize // 1.(진가를)알다, 인정하다 2.감사하다 3.이해하다, 인식하다 // 1)You can't really appreciate foreign literature in translation. His talents are not fully appreciated in that company. Her family doesn't appreciate her. 2)I'd appreciate some help. I would appreciate it if you paid in cash. 3)What I failed to appreciate was the distance between the two cities. available // 1.accessible, usable // 1.사용할 수 있는, 이용할 수 있는 2.만날수있는 // 1)available resources / facilities. readily / freely / publicly / generally available. Tickets are available free of charge from the school. When will the information be made available? 2)Will she be available this afternoon?. The director was not available for comment. capitalize on // take advantage of // (좋은 기회, 사실)을 이용하다, 활용하다 // The team failed to capitalize on their early lead. consumption // use, waste // 소비, 소모 // the production of fuel for domestic consumption (= to be used in the country where it is produced). Gas and oil consumption always increases in cold weather. The meat was declared unfit for human consumption. He was advised to reduce his alcohol consumption. Her speech to party members was not intended for public consumption (= to be heard by the public). detract // reduce, diminish, lessen, take away from // (가치, 명성 등을)떨어뜨리다, 손상시키다 // [detract from sth | detract sth from sth] He was determined not to let anything detract from his enjoyment of the trip. dimension // size // 크기 // We measured the dimensions of the kitchen. computer design tools that work in three dimensions. erect // 1.upright, vertical, perpendicular, straight 2.build, set up, construct, put sth up // 1.직립한, 수직의 2.세우다 // 1)Stand with your arms by your side and your head erect. 2)The church was erected in 1582. Police had to erect barriers to keep crowds back. to erect a tent. exceptional // 1.outstanding 2.abnormal, unusual, extraordinary // 1.매우뛰어난 2.예외적인 // 1)At the age of five he showed exceptional talent as a musician. The quality of the recording is quite exceptional. 2)This deadline will be extended only in exceptional circumstances. express // communicate, represent, disclose, reveal // 표현하다, 나타내다 // Teachers have expressed concern about the changes. His views have been expressed in numerous speeches. to express fears / doubts / reservations. to express interest / regret / surprise. Words cannot express how pleased I am. expressly // definitely, clearly // 명백히, 확실히 // She was expressly forbidden to touch my papers. fit // 4.adjust, customize, modify, shape // 1.~에 맞다, 적합하다 2.(옷)맞추다 3.설치하다 4.적응시키다, 맞추다 // 1)I tried the dress on but it didn't fit. That jacket fits well. 2)[fit sb (for sth)] I'm going to be fitted for my wedding dress today. 3)They fitted a smoke alarm to the ceiling. 4)[fit sb/sth (for sth)] His experience fitted him perfectly for the job. His experience fitted him to do the job. habitual // customary, regular, usual, accustomed // 습관적인, 평소의 // a habitual criminal / drinker / liar, etc. They waited for his habitual response. (formal) a person's place of habitual residence. harness // utilize, control, exploit, use // 이용하다 // attempts to harness the sun's rays as a source of energy. We must harness the skill and creativity of our workforce. improvident // thriftless, unthrifty, extravagant, prodigal, imprudent // 낭비하는 // improvident and undisciplined behaviour. institute // start, establish // (규칙, 제도)제정하다, 설립하다, 시작하다 // to institute criminal proceedings against sb. The new management intends to institute a number of changes. We had no choice but to institute court proceedings against the airline. integrity // 1.uprightness, honesty, righteousness 2.unity // 1.정직함 2.완전 // 1)personal / professional / artistic integrity. to behave with integrity. 2)to respect the territorial integrity of the nation. long // desire, crave, yearn, pine // 갈망하다 // [long for sb/sth | long (for sb) to do sth] Lucy had always longed for a brother. He longed for Pat to phone. I'm longing to see you again. mysterious // puzzling, mystic, inscrutable // 불가사의한, 신비한 // He died in mysterious circumstances. A mysterious illness is affecting all the animals. obsolete // unused, out of use, out of date, outdated, out of date // 안쓰이는, 구식의 // obsolete technology. With technological changes many traditional skills have become obsolete. owing to // because of // ~때문에 // The game was cancelled owing to torrential rain. prevail // 1.triumph, dominate, master, overcome // 1.이기다 2.널리퍼지다, 유행하다 // 1)[prevail (against / over sb)] Your inner strength will enable you to prevail over life's obstacles. 2)[prevail (in / among sth)] We were horrified at the conditions prevailing in local prisons. Those beliefs still prevail among certain social groups. recede // withdraw, retreat // 1.(서서히)물러나다, 멀어지다 2.약해지다, 작아지다 // 1)The sound of the truck receded into the distance. She watched his receding figure. 2)The prospect of bankruptcy has now receded (= it is less likely). The pain was receding slightly. reluctant // unwilling, disinclined, loath, averse // 망설이는, 꺼리는 // [reluctant (to do sth)] reluctant agreement. She was reluctant to admit she was wrong. He finally gave a reluctant smile. a reluctant hero (= a person who does not want to be called a hero). riot // 1.uproar, disturbance // 1.폭동, 소동 2.다양 // 1)One prison guard was killed when a riot broke out in the jail. food / race riots. 2)[riot of sth] The garden was a riot of colour. scour // 1.comb, search, hunt, seek 2.rub, polish, scrub, scrape // 1.탐색하다, 찾아다니다 2.문질러 닦다 // 1)[scour sth (for sb/sth)] We scoured the area for somewhere to pitch our tent. 2)[scour sth (out)] I had to scour out the pans. signal // 1.indicate, beckon, sign, gesture 2.indicate, mark, signify, mean, be a sign of // 1.신호하다 2.의미하다 // 1)[signal (to sb)] Don't fire until I signal. Did you signal before you turned right? He signalled to the waiter for the bill. The referee signalled a foul. 2)This announcement signalled a clear change of policy. The scandal surely signals the end of his political career. silhouette // outline // 윤곽을 그리다 // [silhouette sb/sth (against sth)] A figure stood in the doorway, silhouetted against the light. slightly // somewhat, a little // 약간, 조금 // a slightly different version. We took a slightly more direct route. I knew her slightly. 'Are you worried?' 'Only slightly.' stale // 1.dry, dried out, hard, old 2.stuffy, close, musty 3.vapid, old // 1.(빵, 케익)상한 2.(공기)후덥지근한, 퀴퀴한 3.진부한, 상투적인 // 1)Their daily diet consisted of a lump of stale bread, a bowl of rice and stale water. 2)stale cigarette smoke. stale sweat. 3)stale jokes. Their marriage had gone stale. stretch // 1.extend, lengthen 2.area, expanse, extent, reach // 1.늘리다 2.범위, 널리 퍼진 지역 // 1)Is there any way of stretching shoes? This sweater has stretched. 2)[stretch (of sth)] an unspoilt stretch of coastline. a particularly dangerous stretch of road. You rarely see boats on this stretch of the river. surroundings // environment, condition, situation, atmosphere // 주위, 환경 // to work in pleasant surroundings. The buildings have been designed to blend in with their surroundings. susceptible // 1.prone, vulnerable, liable, subject to 2.impressionable // 1.(영향을)받기 쉬운 2.감수성이 예민한 // 1)[susceptible (to sb/sth)] He's highly susceptible to flattery. Some of these plants are more susceptible to frost damage than others. Salt intake may lead to raised blood pressure in susceptible adults. 2)She was both charming and susceptible. tout // 1.commend, endorse, praise, recommend, support 2.praise, hype, ballyhoo // 1.추천하다 2.크게 선전하다 // 1)[tout sb/sth (as sth)] She's being touted as the next leader of the party. his much touted musical. Nell is being touted as the next big thing in Hollywood. 2)[tout (for sth)] the problem of unlicensed taxi drivers touting for business at airports. He's busy touting his client's latest book around London's literary agents. trifling // trivial, unimportant, petty // 하찮은 // trifling details. a trifling sum. matters of trifling importance. turbulence // 1.agitation, commotion, tumult, turmoil // 1.동요, 혼란 2.난기류 // 1)A period of political turbulence followed the civil war. The 1960s and early 1970s were a time of change and turbulence 2.His plane encountered severe turbulence and winds of nearly two-hundred miles an hour. unsuitable // unfit, improper, unseemly, inappropriate // 부적당한 // [unsuitable (for sb/sth)] He was wearing shoes that were totally unsuitable for climbing. void // 1.devoid of, empty of, vacant of 2.invalid, null and void, null 3.empty, vacant, bare // 1.없는, 결핍한 2.무효의 3.텅빈 // 1)[void of sth] The sky was void of stars. 2)The agreement was declared void. 3)void spaces. wield // exercise, exert, be possessed of, have // (권력 등을)휘두르다, 행사하다 // She wields enormous power within the party. win // obtain, gain, procure, earn, acquire // 얻다, 획득하다 // They are trying to win support for their proposals. The company has won a contract to supply books and materials to schools. She won the admiration of many people in her battle against cancer. // // Lesson 57 ends. apparent // 1.clear, obvious, evident, conspicuous, plain 2.seeming, likely, probable, ostensible // 1.명백한 2.외견상, 그럴듯한 // 1)[ apparent (from sth) (that) | apparent (to sb) (that)] It was apparent from her face that she was really upset. It soon became apparent to everyone that he couldn't sing. 2)My parents were concerned at my apparent lack of enthusiasm for school. ardent // enthusiastic, passionate, fervent, intense // 열정적인 // an ardent supporter of European unity. authentic // 1.genuine, true, real, bona fide // 1.진짜의 2.믿을만한, 확실한 // 1)I don't know if the painting is authentic. 2)an authentic account of life in the desert. the authentic voice of young black Americans. authorize // empower, accredit, commission, enable // 권한을 주다 // I can authorize payments up to $5000. an authorized biography. I have authorized him to act for me while I am away. The soldiers were authorized to shoot at will. capture // 1.seize, catch, snare // 1.붙잡다, 포획하다 2.점령하다 // 1)Allied troops captured over 300 enemy soldiers. The animals are captured in nets and sold to local zoos. 2)The city was captured in 1941. channel // direct, guide, convey // 1.(의도하는 방향으로) 돌리다 2.(빛, 물)전송하다 // 1)[channel sth (into sth)] He channels his aggression into sport. 2)A sensor channels the light signal along an optical fibre. cherish // value, prize, treasure, esteem // 소중히 여기다 // Children need to be cherished. her most cherished possession. compassion // pity, sympathy, mercy // 동정심 // [compassion (for sb)] to feel / show compassion. convince // 1.persuade, satisfy, prove to 2.induce, prevail on, get, talk round // 1.확신시키다 2.설득하다 // 1)[convince sb / yourself (of sth)] You'll need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job. I'd convinced myself (that) I was right. 2)I've been trying to convince him to see a doctor. crust // 2.exterior, surface, outer layer // 1.빵껍질 2.표면, 외피 // 1)sandwiches with the crusts cut off. 2)a thin crust of ice. the earth's crust. execute // 2.perform, achieve, transact // 1.사형에 처하다 2.(일, 임무, 계획)수행하다, 실행하다 // 1)[execute sb (for sth)] He was executed for treason. The prisoners were executed by firing squad. 2)They drew up and executed a plan to reduce fuel consumption. The crime was very cleverly executed. Check that the computer has executed your commands. expect // 1.predict, anticipate, await, reckon on // 1.기대(예상)하다 2.기다리다 // 1)We are expecting a rise in food prices this month. You can't expect to learn a foreign language in a few months. I looked back, half expecting to see someone following me. It is expected that the report will suggest some major reforms. 2)to expect a visit / call / letter from sb. Are you expecting visitors? figure // 1.amount, number // 1.수치, 합계 2.숫자 3.계산 4.인물 // 1)the latest trade / sales / unemployment, etc. figures. By 2004, this figure had risen to 14 million. Experts put the real figure at closer to 75%. 2)Write the figure '7' on the board. a six-figure salary (= over 100 000 pounds or dollars). 3)(pl) I'm afraid I don't have a head for figures. 4)a leading figure in the music industry. fragrant // aromatic, perfumed, savory // 향기로운 // fragrant herbs / flowers / oils. The air was fragrant with scents from the sea and the hills. gainful // profitable, paying, lucrative // 돈벌이가 되는 // gainful employment. gap // opening, hole, break // 틈, 구멍 // [gap (in / between sth)] a gap in a hedge. Leave a gap between your car and the next. given // particular, specified // 정해진 // They were to meet at a given time and place. incisive // penetrating, biting, acute, sharp // 예리한, 현명한 // incisive comments / criticism / analysis. an incisive mind. irreversible // permanent, irrevocable // 되돌릴 수 없는 // an irreversible change / decline / decision. irreversible brain damage (= that will not improve). locale // place // 장소 // people who see the countryside as a locale for recreation. ooze // seep, pass through slowly // (물, 공기 등이) 새다 // [ooze from / out of / through sth | ooze out | ooze (with) sth] Blood oozed out of the wound. an ugly swelling oozing with pus. The wound was oozing blood. a plate of toast oozing butter. orbit // path, course // 궤도, 진로 // the earth's orbit around the sun. a space station in orbit round the moon. A new satellite has been put into orbit around the earth. peek // peep, peer, pry // 살짝 엿보다 // [peek (at sth)] No peeking! I couldn't resist peeking in the drawer. She peeked at the audience from behind the curtain. penetrate // 1.go through, pierce, permeate, enter // 1.관통하다 2.침입하다, 잠입하다 3.이해하다 // 1)[penetrate (into / through / to) sth] The knife had penetrated his chest. The sun's radiation penetrates the skin. 2)They had penetrated airport security. The party has been penetrated by extremists. 3)Science can penetrate many of nature's mysteries. pervade // spread through, permeate, penetrate, fill // 널리 퍼지다, 가득차다 // a pervading mood of fear. the sadness that pervades most of her novels. The entire house was pervaded by a sour smell. phase // period, stage, step // 1.단계 2.단계적으로 실행하다 // 1)during the first / next / last phase. the initial / final phase of the project. a critical / decisive phase. the design phase. His anxiety about the work was just a passing phase. She's going through a difficult phase. 2)the phased withdrawal of troops from the area. Closure of the hospitals was phased over a three-year period. pinion // 1.feather, plumage // 1.깃털 2.묶다 // 2)His arms were pinioned to his sides. They were pinioned against the wall. pitiful // pitiable, pathetic, piteous // 불쌍한 // The horse was a pitiful sight (= because it was very thin or sick). predicament // quandary, difficult situation, dilemma, plight, mess, difficulty // 곤경 // the club's financial predicament. I'm in a terrible predicament. sanction // 2.approval, permission, ratification, authorization // 1.제재 2.허가, 승인 // 1)[sanction (against sb)] Trade sanctions were imposed against any country that refused to sign the agreement. The economic sanctions have been lifted. 2)These changes will require the sanction of the court. snatch // 1.seize, grab, clutch 2.steal // 1.잡아채다, (와락)붙잡다 2.납치하다, 훔치다 // 1)She managed to snatch the gun from his hand. Gordon snatched up his jacket and left the room. Hey, you kids! Don't all snatch! 2)The raiders snatched $100 from the cash register. The baby was snatched from its parents' car. subjective // personal, individual // 주관적인 // a highly subjective point of view. Everyone's opinion is bound to be subjective. sweat // perspiration // 땀 // beads of sweat. She wiped the sweat from her face. By the end of the match, the sweat was pouring off him. / I woke up in a sweat. She completed the routine without even working up a sweat. He breaks out in a