포토사회- 유명 IP 신작 로맨싱사가 RS CBT 사전예약 실시 | 군포철쭉축제

apt // 1. inclined, prone, disposed 2. appropriate, proper, suitable // 1.~하는 경향이 있는 2.적당한 // 1)apt to be forgetful / careless. Babies are apt to put objects into their mouths. 2)a particularly apt description / name / comment. astonish // surprise, amaze, astound, shock, startle, daze // 놀라게 하다 // The news astonished everyone. She astonished us by saying she was leaving. It astonishes me (that) he could be so thoughtless. chronically // constantly, habitually, continuously, inveterately // 만성적으로 // a hospital for the chronically ill. daub // coat, cover, plaster, slather // 흠뻑 칠하다 // [daub A on, etc. B | daub B with A] The walls of the building were daubed with red paint. domain // 1. region, area, territory, realm 2. area, field, sphere // 1.지역, 영토 2.분야, 영역 // 1)The Spice Islands were within the Spanish domains. 2)The care of older people is being placed firmly within the domain of the family. Physics used to be very much a male domain. enthusiastic // eager, ardent, zealous, passionate // 열성적인 // an enthusiastic supporter. an enthusiastic welcome. You don't sound very enthusiastic about the idea. extend // 1. go, run, range, outspread, stretch 2. expand, enlarge, lengthen, increase // 1.(어떤 거리까지)걸쳐있다 2.확장하다, 늘리다 // 1)Our land extends as far as the river. His writing career extended over a period of 40 years. 2)to extend a fence / road / house. There are plans to extend the no-smoking area. to extend a deadline / visa. feat // achievement, accomplishment, exploit // 업적, 솜씨 // The tunnel is a brilliant feat of engineering. to perform / attempt / achieve astonishing feats. That was no mean feat (= it was difficult to do). fulfil // 1.accomplish, achieve, execute 3.satisfy, meet // 1.성취하다 2.이행하다 3.만족시키다 // 1)to fulfil your dream / ambition / potential. 2)to fulfil a duty / an obligation / a promise. to fulfil the terms / conditions of an agreement. 3)[fulfil sb / yourself] I need a job that really fulfils me. He was able to fulfil himself through his painting. give yourself over to // dedicate, devote, commit // 몰두하다, 빠지다 // In his youth he had given himself over to pleasure. heavy // 1.ponderous, weighty 2.burdensome // 1.무거운 2.고된 // 1)She was struggling with a heavy suitcase. How heavy is it (= how much does it weigh)? 2)heavy digging / lifting. hibernation // sleep, dormancy // 동면 immerse // submerge, dip, submerse // 1.담그다 2.몰두하다 // 1)[~sb/sth (in sth)] Immerse your foot in ice cold water to reduce the swelling. 2)[~yourself / sb in sth] She immersed herself in her work. Clare and Phil were immersed in conversation in the corner. intrigue // 1. attract, fascinate, interest 2. plot, conspire // 1.(주의, 관심을)끌다 2.음모를 꾸미다 3.음모 // 1)You've really intrigued me--tell me more! 2)[~(with sb) (against sb)] While King Richard was abroad, the barons had been intriguing against him. 3)political intrigue. luxuriant // abundant, exuberant, opulent // 무성한, 풍부한 // luxuriant vegetation. thick, luxuriant hair. magnitude // extent, degree, measure; volume, size, amplitude // 1.크기 2.중대성 3.광도 4.진도 // 1,2)We did not realize the magnitude of the problem. a discovery of the first magnitude. 3)The star varies in brightness by about three magnitudes. maintain // 1.preserve 2.sustain 3.insisit, affirm 4.keep // 1.유지하다 2.보존하다 3.주장하다 4.부양하다 // 1)to maintain law and order / standards / a balance. The two countries have always maintained close relations. 2)The house is large and difficult to maintain. 3)The men maintained (that) they were out of the country when the crime was committed. 4)Her income was barely enough to maintain one child, let alone three. monitor // track, check, examine, inspect // 감시하다, 관찰하다 // Each student's progress is closely monitored. outbreak // 1. epidemic, plague 2. eruption, explosion, burst // 1.(전염병, 전쟁 등)발발, 만연 2.급증 // the outbreak of war. an outbreak of typhoid. Outbreaks of rain are expected in the afternoon. periodically // at intervals, from time to time, once in a while, infrequently // 주기적으로 // Mailing lists are updated periodically. release // 1.free, liberate, loose 2.let go, let loose, loose // 1.(from)해방시키다 2.(묶인 것을)풀어주다 // 1)to release a prisoner / hostage. Firefighters took two hours to release the driver from the wreckage. 2)He refused to release her arm. 10,000 balloons were released at the ceremony. Intense heat is released in the reaction. relief // 2.aid, assistance, support 3.alleviation, ease // 1.안도 2.구제, 원조(물자) 3.경감, 완화 // 1)a sense of relief. We all breathed a sigh of relief when he left. 2)famine relief. a relief agency / organization / worker. 3)[~(from / of sth)] modern methods of pain relief. the relief of suffering. reproduce // 1.copy, duplicate, imitate 3.breed, multiply, spawn // 1.복제하다 2.재현하다 3.번식하다 // 1)It is illegal to reproduce these worksheets without permission from the publisher. The photocopier reproduces colours very well. 2)The atmosphere of the novel is successfully reproduced in the movie. 3)Most reptiles reproduce by laying eggs on land. rugged // 1.uneven, rough, bumpy // 1.울퉁불퉁한 2.견고한 // 1)rugged cliffs. They admired the rugged beauty of the coastline. 2)A less rugged vehicle would never have made the trip. rugged outdoor clothing. self-sufficient // independent // 자급자족하는, 제 힘으로 살아가는 // [~(in sth)] The country is totally self-sufficient in food production. speculative // 1. theoretical, abstract // 1.추리적인, 이론적인 2.투기의 // 1)The report is highly speculative and should be ignored. a purely speculative theory about life on other planets. She cast a speculative look at Kate. 2)speculative investments. stimulate // 1.prompt, activate, inspire, incite, stir // 1.자극하다 2.흥미를 돋구다 // 1)The exhibition has stimulated interest in her work. The article can be used to stimulate discussion among students. 2)Parents should give children books that stimulate them. Both men and women are stimulated by erotic photos (= sexually). The conference stimulated him to study the subject in more depth. subordinate // 2.inferior, subject, dependent, secondary // 1.하위의 2.덜중요한 3.하위에 두다 // 1)[~(to sb)] In many societies women are subordinate to men. 2)[~(to sth)] All other issues are subordinate to this one. 3)Safety considerations were subordinated to commercial interests. torrential // wild, violent // 억수같은, 격렬한 // I woke to the sound of torrential rain. // // 1일 끝 address // 1. residence, abode 2. speech, lecture, discourse // 1.주소 2.강연 // 1)What's your name and address? people of no fixed address. 2)tonight's televised presidential address. assume // 1.undertake, take 2.put on, pretend, affect 3.think, suppose // 1.떠맡다 2 ~인 척 하다 3.추측하다 // 1)The court assumed responsibility for the girl's welfare. Rebel forces have assumed control of the capital. 2)He assumed an air of concern. 3) It is reasonable to assume (that) the economy will continue to improve. It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work. attain // 1.achieve, acquire, procure 2.reach // 1.성취하다, 이루다 2.(나이, 레벨)도달하다 // 1)Most of our students attained five 'A' grades in their exams. 2)The cheetah can attain speeds of up to 97 kph. boast // 1.brag, swagger // 1.자랑하다 2.자랑 // 1)[boast (about / of sth)] I don't want to boast, but I can actually speak six languages. She is always boasting about how wonderful her children are. 2)[boast (that...)] Despite his boasts that his children were brilliant, neither of them went to college. It was her proud boast that she had never missed a day's work because of illness. capacity // 1.magnitude, dimensions 2.ability 3.role // 1.수용인원 2.능력 3.지위 // 1)The theatre has a seating capacity of 2000. The hall was filled to capacity. 2)[~(for sth / for doing sth) | ~(to do sth)] She has an enormous capacity for hard work. Limited resources are restricting our capacity for developing new products. 3)acting in her capacity as manager. We are simply involved in an advisory capacity on the project. cede // yield, surrender, relinquish // (조약에 따라)양도하다 // [cede sth (to sb)] Cuba was ceded by Spain to the US in 1898. decline // 1.fall, descend, weaken, deteriorate 2.refuse, reject // 1.하락하다, 약해지다 2.거절하다 3.하락 // 1)Support for the party continues to decline. The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year. 2)I offered to give them a lift but they declined. to decline an offer / invitation. 3)[~(in sth) | ~(of sth)] a rapid / sharp / gradual decline. The company reported a small decline in its profits. desert // 1.abandon, forsake // 1.버리다, 떠나다 2.탈영하다 // 1)She was deserted by her husband. The villages had been deserted. 2)Large numbers of soldiers deserted as defeat became inevitable. disassemble // break apart, dismantle, take apart // 분해하다 // We had to completely disassemble the engine to find the problem. dispose // 1.array, arrange, order // 1.배치하다, 배열하다 2.~하게 만들다 // 1)Chinese vases are disposed around the gallery. 2)[~ sb to / toward(s) sth] a drug that disposes the patient towards sleep. dispose of // 1.get rid of // 1.버리다 2.처리하다, 해결하다 // 1)the difficulties of disposing of nuclear waste. to dispose of stolen property. 2)That seems to have disposed of most of their arguments. erode // 1.wear away // 1.침식하다, 부식시키다 2.(신뢰)약해지게 하다. // [erode (sth) (away)] 1)The cliff face has been steadily eroded by the sea. The rocks have eroded away over time. 2)Her confidence has been slowly eroded by repeated failures. Mortgage payments have been eroded (= decreased in value) by inflation. Our personal freedom is being gradually eroded away. fairly // 1.reasonably, moderately, tolerably, pretty 2.impartially // 1.꽤, 상당히 2.공정하게 // 1)a fairly easy book. a fairly typical reaction. I know him fairly well, but I wouldn't say we were really close friends. I go jogging fairly regularly. We'll have to leave fairly soon (= before very long). 2)He has always treated me very fairly. Her attitude could fairly be described as hostile. glossy // shiny, bright, glazed, lustrous // 빛나는, 광택이 나는 // glossy hair. a glossy brochure / magazine (= printed on shiny paper). ground // reasons, rationale, root, basis // 근거, 이유 // (pl.) [ground for sth / for doing sth] You have no grounds for complaint. What were his grounds for wanting a divorce? The case was dismissed on the grounds that there was not enough evidence. He retired from the job on health grounds. Employers cannot discriminate on grounds of age. hallmark // feature, a distinguishing trait // 특징 // Police said the explosion bore all the hallmarks of a terrorist attack. ideal // 1. perfect, model, exemplary 2. abstract, theoretical, hypothetical // 1.이상적인, 완벽한 2.관념적인 3.이상, 이상적인 인물(것) // 1)[ideal (for sth)] This beach is ideal for children. The trip to Paris will be an ideal opportunity to practise my French. 2)the search for ideal love. In an ideal world there would be no poverty and disease. 3)political ideals. [~ (of sth)]It's my ideal of what a family home should be. inhabit // live, occupy, dwell, abide, reside // 거주하다 // some of the rare species that inhabit the area. The island used to be inhabited (= have people living here). laborious // arduous, hard, heavy, difficult // 힘드는, 고된 // a laborious task / process. Checking all the information will be slow and laborious. linger // 1. remain, stay, tarry // 1.남다, 계속되다 2.(필요이상으로 오래)머물다 3.간신히 목숨을 부지하다 // 1)[linger (on)] The faint smell of her perfume lingered in the room. The civil war lingered on well into the 1930s. 2)She lingered for a few minutes to talk to Nick. We lingered over breakfast on the terrace. 3)[linger (on)] He lingered on for several months after the heart attack. loathe // abhor, abominate, detest, hate // 몹시 싫어하다 // I loathe modern art. They loathe each other. misgiving // apprehension, presentiment, apprehensiveness // 불안 // [misgiving about sth / about doing sth] I had grave misgivings about making the trip. I read the letter with a sense of misgiving. model // specimen, prototype, pattern, sample // 견본 // The latest models will be on display at the motor show. observe // 1.notice, see, note 2.watch, see, look at, monitor 3.comply with, abide by, keep, obey // 1.보다 2.관찰하다 3.준수하다 // 1)Have you observed any changes lately? All the characters in the novel are closely observed (= seem like people in real life). 2)I felt he was observing everything I did. The patients were observed over a period of several months. 3)Will the rebels observe the ceasefire? plentiful // abundant, wealthy, rich // 풍부한 // (also plenteous) a plentiful supply of food. In those days jobs were plentiful. preoccupied // engrossed, absorbed // 몰두한 // [preoccupied (with sth)] He was too preoccupied with his own thoughts to notice anything wrong. property // 1. estate, havings, possession, asset 2. character, characteristic, quality, feature // 1.자산 2.특성 3.부동산, 건물 // 1)This building is government property. Be careful not to damage other people's property. 2)[C, usu. pl] Compare the physical properties of the two substances. a plant with medicinal properties. 3)The price of property has risen enormously. property prices. a property developer. recurring // recurrent // 되풀이되는 // a recurring illness / problem / nightmare, etc. rooted // 2.embedded, fixed // 1.기인하는 2.고정된, 뿌리깊은 // 1)[rooted in sth] His problems are deeply rooted in his childhood experiences. 2)She was rooted to her chair. Their life is rooted in Chicago now. Racism is still deeply rooted in our society. thoroughly // completely, perfectly, utterly, entirely // 철저히, 완전히 // We thoroughly enjoyed ourselves. I'm thoroughly confused. a thoroughly professional performance. Wash the fruit thoroughly before use. The work had not been done very thoroughly. // // 2일 끝 afford // 1.pay for 2.bear 3.provide, give, grant // 1.~할 여유가 있다 2.~해선 안된다 3.제공하다 // 1) Can we afford a new car? None of them could afford $50 for a ticket. She felt she couldn't afford any more time off work. We can't afford to go abroad this summer. 2)[can't afford] We cannot afford to ignore this warning. They could ill afford to lose any more staff. 3)The tree affords some shelter from the sun. announce // proclaim, publish, declare // 공포하다 // [announce (sth) (to sb)] They haven't formally announced their engagement yet. The government yesterday announced to the media plans to create a million new jobs. (figurative) A ring at the doorbell announced Jack's arrival. a wide range of // a wide variety of // 다양한 // The hotel offers a wide range of facilities. There is a full range of activities for children. chance // 1.possibility 2.opportunity 3.accident, coincidence // 1.가능성 2.기회 3.우연 // 1)[chance of doing sth | chance that...] Is there any chance of getting tickets for tonight? There's a slight chance that he’ll be back in time. The operation has a fifty-fifty chance of success. 2)[chance (of sth) | chance (to do sth)] Please give me a chance to explain. 3)I met her by chance at the airport. chart // 1.follow, trace, outline 2.tabulate, plot, graph, map // 1.(진행, 발전)기록하다, 추적하다 2.(지도 등을)작성하다 // 1)The exhibition charts the history of the palace. 2)Cook charted the coast of New Zealand in 1768. engage // 1.promise 2.hire // 1.약속하다 2.고용하다 3.사로잡다, (주위를)끌다 4.참가하다 // 1)[~to do] He engaged to pay them $10,000 againt a bond. 2)[engage sb (as sth)] He is currently engaged as a consultant. 3)It is a movie that engages both the mind and the eye. 4)[engage in sth | engage sb in sth] Even in prison, he continued to engage in criminal activities. She tried desperately to engage him in conversation. esteem // 1.respect, revere, prize, value // 1.존경하다 2.~라 여기다 3.존경, 호평 // 1)a highly esteemed scientist. Many of these qualities are esteemed by managers. 2)She was esteemed the perfect novelist. 3)She is held in high esteem by her colleagues. Please accept this small gift as a token of our esteem. evidence // proof, sign // 증거 // [evidence (of / for sth) | evidence (that...) | evidence (to suggest, show, etc.)] There is convincing evidence of a link between exposure to sun and skin cancer. We found further scientific evidence for this theory. There is not a shred of evidence that the meeting actually took place. Have you any evidence to support this allegation? The room bore evidence of a struggle. fertile // 1.fecund, fruitful 2.able to conceive, fecund // 1.비옥한 2.출산력이 있는 // 1)a fertile region. 2)The treatment has been tested on healthy fertile women under the age of 35. generate // produce // 발생시키다 // to generate electricity / heat / power. to generate income / profit. We need someone to generate new ideas. The proposal has generated a lot of interest. innate // inborn, natural // 타고난 // the innate ability to learn. invaluable // indispensable, crucial, critical, key, vital, extremely useful // 매우 유용한 // [invaluable (to / for sb/sth) | invaluable (in sth)] invaluable help / information / support. The book will be invaluable for students in higher education. The research should prove invaluable in the study of children's language. an invaluable asset / tool. irreparable // irremediable, irrecoverable, irretrievable // 돌이킬 수 없는, 고칠수 없는 // to cause irreparable damage / harm to your health. Her death is an irreparable loss. maxim // saying, principle, proverb // 격언 // That's always been one of Father's maxims. object // 2.goal, purpose, function // 1.반대하다, 이의를 제기하다 2.목적 // 1)[object (to sb/sth) | object (to doing sth / to sb doing sth)] Many local people object to the building of the new airport. If nobody objects, we'll postpone the meeting till next week. I really object to being charged for parking. 2)Her sole object in life is to become a travel writer. outstanding // 1. remarkable, prominent, excellent, supreme, eminent 2. unpaid, owed, unsettled, remaining // 1.뛰어난, 우수한 2.미결제의, 덜끝낸, 미결의 // 1)an outstanding player / achievement / success. an area of outstanding natural beauty. 2)She has outstanding debts of over $500. A lot of work is still outstanding. patron // 1.protector, supporter, advocate 2.customer // 1.후원자 2.고객 // 1)Frederick the Great was the patron of many artists. 2)Patrons are requested not to smoke. predominate // 1.be in the majority, preponderate, prevail 2.prevail, dominate, be dominant // 1.능가하다, 우세하다 2.지배하다 // 1)a colour scheme in which red predominates. Women predominated in the audience. 2)[predominate (over sb/sth)] Private interest was not allowed to predominate over the public good. previous // prior, earlier, former, preceding // 이전의 // No previous experience is necessary for this job. The car has only had one previous owner. She is his daughter from a previous marriage. I was unable to attend because of a previous engagement. The judge will take into consideration any previous convictions. premise // assumption, supposition // 전제, 가정 // the basic premise of her argument. a false premise. His reasoning is based on the premise that all people are equally capable of good and evil. primitive // 1.primeval, uncivilized, savage 2.crude, rudimentary // 1.원시적인 2.기본적인, 구식의 // 1)primitive tribes. primitive beliefs. 2)The methods of communication used during the war were primitive by today's standards. The facilities on the campsite were very primitive. proficiency // skill, ability, expertise, mastery // 능숙함 // [proficiency (in sth / in doing sth)] to develop proficiency. a high level of oral proficiency in English. a certificate of language proficiency. proposition // 1.suggestion, proposal 2.matter // 1.제안, 계획 2.(처리할)문제 // 1)I'd like to put a business proposition to you. He was trying to make it look like an attractive proposition. 2)Getting a work permit in the UK is not always a simple proposition. questionable // debatable, doubtful, suspicious, dubious // 의심스러운 // The conclusions that they come to are highly questionable. It is questionable whether this is a good way of solving the problem. rife // 1.widespread 2.full of // 1.만연하는 2.(좋지 않은 것)많은, 가득찬 // 1)It is a country where corruption is rife. Rumours are rife that he is going to resign. 2)[rife (with sth)] Los Angeles is rife with gossip about the stars' private lives. shield // 1.protect, defend, safeguard, guard // 1.보호하다 2.방패 // 1)[shield sb/sth (from sb/sth)] I shielded my eyes against the glare. The ozone layer shields the earth from the sun's ultraviolet rays. Police believe that somebody is shielding the killer. You can't shield her from the truth forever. 2)The gunman used the hostages as a human shield. solitary // isolated, remote, secluded, lonely // 혼자의, 고독한 // She enjoys long solitary walks. He led a solitary life. stick // 2.cling, adhere, cement, cleave, hold // 1.찌르다 2.달라붙다, 고수하다 // 1)The nurse stuck the needle into my arm. Don't stick your fingers through the bars of the cage. 2)He stuck a stamp on the envelope. We used glue to stick the broken pieces together. I stuck the photos into an album. Her wet clothes were sticking to her body. The glue's useless--the pieces just won't stick. stimulus // motivation, incentive, incitement, provocation, stimulant // 자극, 격려 // [stimulus (to / for sth) | stimulus (to do sth)] Books provide children with ideas and a stimulus for play. The new tax laws should act as a stimulus to exports. stir // 2.agitate, provoke, stimulate, excite // 1.휘젓다 2.자극하다 // 1)[stir sth (into sth) | stir sth (in)] She stirred her tea. The vegetables are stirred into the rice while it is hot. Stir in the milk until the sauce thickens. 2)[stir sb (to sth)] a book that really stirs the imagination. She was stirred by his sad story. taboo // prohibition // 금기 // [(pl. taboos) taboo (against / on sth)] an incest taboo. a taboo on working on a Sunday. to break / violate a taboo. Death is one of the great taboos in our culture. thrive // prosper, flourish // 번영하다, 잘자라다 // New businesses thrive in this area. These animals rarely thrive in captivity. tide // 2.stream, current // 1.조수 2.추세, 경향 // 1)the ebb and flow of the tide. The tide is in / out. Is the tide coming in or going out? 2)It takes courage to speak out against the tide of opinion. vagary // uncertainty, sudden desire, caprice, whim // 예측 불허의 변화 // (usu. vagaries) the vagaries of the weather. wane // 1.decrease, decline, fade // 1.약화되다, 감소되다 2.(달)기울다 // 1)Her enthusiasm for the whole idea was waning rapidly. 2)The moon was waning, and each day it rose later. view // 1.outlook, opinion 2.consider, deem, regard // 1.견해, 의견 2.간주하다 // 1)[view (about / on sth)] to have different / conflicting / opposing views. to have strong political views. His views on the subject were well known. 2)[view sb/sth as sth | view sb/sth with sth] When the car was first built, the design was viewed as highly original. How do you view your position within the company? // // 3일 끝 achieve // attain, reach, arrive at // 성취하다 // He had finally achieved success. They could not achieve their target of less than 3% inflation. anchor // 3.hold in place, secure, fasten // 1.닻 2.닻을 내리다 3.고정시키다 // 1)to drop anchor. The ship lay at anchor two miles off the rocky coast. We weighed anchor (= pulled it out of the water). 2)We anchored off the coast of Spain. 3)Make sure the table is securely anchored. attribute // 1.ascribe, impute, refer 2.quality, trait, characteristic, character // 1.~의 탓으로 돌리다 2.특성 // 1)[attribute sth to sth] She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck. 2)Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher. brisk // 2.active, vigorous, energetic, lively // 1.빠른, 바쁜 2.활기찬 3.상쾌한 // 1)a brisk walk. to set off at a brisk pace. Ice-cream vendors were doing a brisk trade (= selling a lot of ice cream). 2)His tone became brisk and businesslike. 3)a brisk wind / breeze. codify // classify, arrange, systematize // 체계화하다 // The latest draft of the agreement codifies the panel's decision. consummate // superb, complete // 뛰어난, 완전한 // She was a consummate performer. He played the shot with consummate skill. (disapproving) a consummate liar. descent // 1.falling 3.ancestry, origin, blood, lineage // 1.하강, 하락 2.내리막길 3.혈통, 기원 // 1)The plane began its descent to Heathrow. (figurative) the country's swift descent into anarchy. 2)There is a gradual descent to the sea. 3)[~ (from sb)] to be of Scottish descent. He traces his line of descent from the Stuart kings. disseminate // spread out, distribute, scatter, disperse // (정보, 지식)퍼뜨리다 // Their findings have been widely disseminated. earn // 2.acquire, attain, win // 1.(돈, 이자)벌다, 얻다 2.획득하다 // 1)He earns about $40 000 a year. She earned a living as a part-time secretary. She must earn a fortune (= earn a lot of money). His victory in the tournament earned him $50,000. Your money would earn more in a high-interest account. He earned a reputation as an expert on tax law. As a teacher, she had earned the respect of her students. emergence // rise, appearance, advent // 출현 // the island's emergence from the sea 3,000 years ago. the emergence of new technologies. facilitate // make more available (easier) // (일을) 용이하게 하다 // The new trade agreement should facilitate more rapid economic growth. Structured teaching facilitates learning. fervent // passionate, ardent, earnest // 열렬한 // a fervent admirer / believer / supporter. a fervent belief / hope / desire. fine // slight, subtle, thin, delicate // 미세한, 섬세한, 가느다란 // fine blond hair., a fine thread. a brush with a fine tip. frivolous // // 1.경솔한 2.보잘것 없는, 사소한 // 1)frivolous comments / suggestions. Sorry, I was being frivolous. 2)frivolous pastimes / pleasures giant // ogre // 거인 // a Nordic saga of giants. golden age // a period of great achievement // 황금 시대, 전성기 // the golden age of cinema. grasp // 1.grip, clutch, grab, seize 2.catch, understand, comprehend, apprehend // 1.붙잡다 2.이해하다, 파악하다 // 1)He grasped my hand and shook it warmly. Kay grasped him by the wrist. 2)They failed to grasp the importance of his words. She was unable to grasp how to do it. It took him some time to grasp that he was now a public figure. hamstring // handicap, constrain, restrict, cripple // 방해하다 // We were hamstrung by a total lack of knowledge. If he becomes the major opposition leader, he could hamstring a conservative-led coalition. haphazard // random, casual, unplanned, chance // 아무렇게나 // The books had been piled on the shelves in a haphazard fashion. The government's approach to the problem was haphazard. incidental // minor, secondary // 부수적인 // [incidental (to sth)] The discovery was incidental to their main research. incidental music (= music used with a play or a film / movie to give atmosphere). You may be able to get help with incidental expenses (= small costs that you get in connection with sth). initiate // start, begin, originate, commence, inaugurate, set in motion // 시작하다 // to initiate legal proceedings against sb. The government has initiated a programme of economic reform. make up // 1.constitute 2.invent // 1.구성하다 2.창작하다, 창안하다 // 1)Women make up 56% of the student numbers. 2)He made up some excuse about his daughter being sick. I told the kids a story, making it up as I went along. You made that up! manifold // various, multiple, diverse // 다양한 // The possibilities were manifold. obliterate // delete, erase, efface, eradicate, wipe out // 제거하다 // The building was completely obliterated by the bomb. The snow had obliterated their footprints. Everything that happened that night was obliterated from his memory. period // 1.time, age, era, epoch // 1.시대 2.생리 // 1)Which period of history would you most like to have lived in? the post-war period. Like Picasso, she too had a blue period. Most teenagers go through a period of rebelling. 2)period pains. monthly periods. When did you last have a period? proceed // advance, progress // 계속해서 ~하다 // [proceed (with sth)] We're not sure whether we still want to proceed with the sale. Work is proceeding slowly. procure // obtain, gain, secure, acquire // (간신히)얻다 // [procure sth (for sb/sth)] She managed to procure a ticket for the concert. They procured us a copy of the report. They procured a copy of the report for us. professional // specialized, adept, expert // 전문적인 // professional qualifications / skills. professional standards / practice. an opportunity for professional development. If it's a legal matter you need to seek professional advice. redundancy // 1.superfluity, extra capacity // 1.과잉, 여분 2.해직될 상황 // 1)Natural language is characterized by redundancy (= words are used that are not really necessary for sb to understand the meaning). 2)Thousands of factory workers are facing redundancy. to accept / take voluntary redundancy (= to offer to leave your job). the threat of compulsory redundancies. redundancy payments. responsible // charged, liable, accountable, answerable // 책임이 있는 // [responsible (for sb/sth) | responsible (for doing sth)] Mike is responsible for designing the entire project. Even where parents no longer live together, they each continue to be responsible for their children. sharp // 1.keen, pointed, piercing 2.sudden, abrupt, rapid // 1.날카로운, 예리한 2.급격한 // 1)a sharp knife. sharp teeth. 2)a sharp drop in prices. a sharp rise in crime. a sharp increase in unemployment. He heard a sharp intake of breath. We need to give young criminals a short, sharp shock (= a punishment that is very unpleasant for a short time). supplement // 1.add to 2.extension, extra, addition // 1.보충하다 2.추가물 // 1)[supplement sth (with sth)] a diet supplemented with vitamin pills. He supplements his income by giving private lessons. 2)[supplement (to sth)] vitamin / dietary supplements (= vitamins and other foods eaten in addition to what you usually eat). Industrial sponsorship is a supplement to government funding. suspend // 1.defer, postpone, delay 2.stop, cease, arrest, interrupt 3.hang, dangle, sling // 1.연기하다 2.중지하다 3.매달다 // 1)The introduction of the new system has been suspended until next year. 2)Production has been suspended while safety checks are carried out. 3)[suspend sth/sb (from sth) (by / on sth)] A lamp was suspended from the ceiling. Her body was found suspended by a rope. tailored // adapted, fitted // 맞추어진 // a tailored jacket. // // 4일 끝 abreast // alongside // 나란히 // [abreast (of sb/sth)] cycling two abreast. A police car drew abreast of us and signalled us to stop. affectation // airs, pretense // 가식 // His little affectations irritated her. Kay has no affectation at all. He raised his eyebrows with an affectation of surprise (= pretending to be surprised). ally // 1.confederate, affiliate, associate // 1.~와 동맹을 맺다, 연합하다 2.동맹국(allies) // 1)[ally (yourself) with sb/sth] The prince allied himself with the Scots. Some of the northern cities allied themselves with the emperor. 2)a meeting of the European allies. anonymous // unnamed, unknown, unsigned // 익명의 // an anonymous letter. anticipate // foresee, forecast, foretell, predict // 예견하다 // We don't anticipate any major problems. Our anticipated arrival time is 8.30. The eagerly anticipated movie will be released next month. They anticipate moving to bigger premises by the end of the year. I don't anticipate it being a problem. We anticipate that sales will rise next year. It is anticipated that inflation will stabilize at 3%. archaic // 1.primitive, ancient, antiquated, antique 2.outdated // 1.고대의 2.구식의 // 1)'Thou art' is an archaic form of 'you are'. 2)The system is archaic and unfair and needs changing. aspect // 1.feature, facet, side, characteristic 2.appearance, look, countenance // 1.상황, 견해 2.외관, 용모 // 1)The book aims to cover all aspects of city life. the most important aspect of the debate. She felt she had looked at the problem from every aspect. This was one aspect of her character he hadn't seen before. 2)Events began to take on a more sinister aspect. behavior // conduct // 행동 // good / bad behaviour. social / sexual / criminal behaviour. His behaviour towards her was becoming more and more aggressive. ceaseless // constant, uninterrupted, eternal // 끊임없는 // the ceaseless fight against crime. change // 2.alter, vary, turn into, metamorphose, transform // 1.변하다 2.변화시키다 3.바뀌다 // 1)Rick hasn't changed. He looks exactly the same as he did at school. Her life changed completely when she won the lottery. 2)Fame hasn't really changed him' Computers have changed the way people work. 3)[change (sb/sth) (from A) to / into B] Wait for the traffic lights to change. The lights changed from red to green. confederacy // ally, alliance, confederation // 연합, 동맹 // They've entered this new confederacy because the central government's been unable to control the collapsing economy. cut // sever, chop // 절단하다 // [cut sth (from sth) | cut (sb) sth | cut sth (for sb)] He cut four thick slices from the loaf. a bunch of cut flowers. I cut them all a piece of birthday cake. I cut a piece of birthday cake for them all. disturbance // 1.disruption, distraction, interference 2.riot, fracas 3.trouble, perturbation, distress // 1.방해, 소란 2.폭동 3.불안, 동요 // 1)The building work is creating constant noise, dust and disturbance. a disturbance in the usual pattern of events. 2)serious disturbances in the streets. He was charged with causing a disturbance after the game. 3)emotional disturbance. elucidate // explain, clarify, clear up, enlighten, shed light on // 명료하게 하다 // He elucidated a point of grammar. I will try to elucidate what I think the problems are.] Let me elucidate. encroachment // invasion, intrusion // 침입, 침범, 잠식 // [encroachment (on / upon sth)] the regime's many encroachments on human rights. foreign encroachment. entice // persuade, allure, tempt, seduce // 유혹하다 // [entice sb (into doing sth)] The bargain prices are expected to entice customers away from other stores. The animal refused to be enticed from its hole. Try and entice the child to eat by offering small portions of their favourite food. equivocal // ambiguous // 애매한 // She gave an equivocal answer, typical of a politician. / equivocally 애매하게. exterminate // wipe out, extirpate, annihilate, eradicate // 멸종시키다 // Staff use the poison to exterminate moles and rabbits. fortify // strengthen, reinforce // 강화하다 // [fortify sb / yourself (against sb/sth)] He fortified himself against the cold with a hot drink. The news merely fortified their determination. frightful // horrible, dreadful, fearful, awful // 심한, 끔찍한, very serious or unpleasant // It was absolutely frightful! This room's in a frightful mess. a frightful accident. immunity // 2.protection, exemption // 1.면역 2.보호, (과세)면제 // 1)[immunity (to sth) | immunity (against sth)] immunity to infection. The vaccine provides longer immunity against flu. 2)[immunity (from sth)] The spies were all granted immunity from prosecution. parliamentary / congressional immunity (= protection against particular laws that is given to politicians). improve // enhance, refine, enrich, better, ameliorate // 개선하다 // His quality of life has improved dramatically since the operation. The doctor says she should continue to improve (= after an illness). to improve standards. The company needs to improve performance in all these areas. I need to improve my French. in retrospect // looking back // 돌이켜보면, 회상하면 // In retrospect, I think that I was wrong. The decision seems extremely odd, in retrospect. lose sight of // 2.forget // 1.(눈에)안보이다 2.잊다 // 1)They finally lost sight of land. 2)We must not lose sight of our original aim. the nuts and bolts of // basic, practical details of // 기본 // the nuts and bolts of government. permit // let, allow // 허락하다 // Radios are not permitted in the library. There are fines for exceeding permitted levels of noise pollution. We were not permitted any contact with each other. Jim permitted himself a wry smile. Visitors are not permitted to take photographs. She would not permit herself to look at them. (formal) Permit me to offer you some advice. radical // 1.fundamental, basic, far-reaching 2.extreme, drastic, revolutionary // 1.근본적인 2.혁명적인, 급진적인 // 1)the need for radical changes in education. demands for radical reform of the law. radical differences between the sexes. 2)radical ideas. a radical solution to the problem. radical proposals. the radical wing of the party. radical politicians / students / writers. reference // 1.allusion, mention // 1.언급 2.참고 // 1)The book is full of references to growing up in India. She made no reference to her illness but only to her future plans. the President's passing reference to (= brief mention of) the end of the war. 2) I wrote down the name of the hotel for future reference. The library contains many popular works of reference (= reference books). sparse // scanty, meager, scarce, limited // 빈약한, 부족한 // the sparse population of the islands. Vegetation becomes sparse higher up the mountains. The information available on the subject is sparse. sting // 1.wound, bite 2.smart, tingle 3.upset, wound, distress // 1.찌르다 2.따끔거리다 3.화나게 만들다 // 1)I was stung on the arm by a wasp. Be careful of the nettles--they sting! 2)I put some antiseptic on the cut and it stung for a moment. My eyes were stinging from the smoke. 3)[sting sb (to / into sth) | sting sb (into doing sth)] He was stung by their criticism. Their cruel remarks stung her into action. support // 1.assist, back, advocate 2.maintain, sustain, provide for, take care of // 1.지지하다 2.부양하다 // 1)These measures are strongly supported by environmental groups. If you raise it at the meeting, I'll support you. 2)Mark has two children to support from his first marriage. He turned to crime to support his drug habit. The atmosphere of Mars could not support life. tangible // material, concrete, real, substantial // 가시적인, 실체가있는, 실질적인 // tangible benefits / improvements / results, etc. tangible assets (= a company's buildings, machinery, etc.) tolerate // 1.put up with 2.put up with, endure, stand, bear // 1.용인하다 2.참다 // 1)Their relationship was tolerated but not encouraged. This sort of behaviour will not be tolerated. She refused to tolerate being called a liar. train // 1.aim, head // 1.겨누다 2.(식물이 자라는 방향)~로 향하게 하다 // 1)[train something on/at somebody/something] She trained her binoculars on the bird. 2)[train sth (around / along / up, etc.)] Roses had been trained around the door. unambiguous // clear, distinct, definite // 명확한 // an unambiguous statement. The message was clear and unambiguous--'Get out!' virtually // 1.in fact, practically 2.nearly // 1.사실상 2.거의 // 2)to be virtually impossible. Virtually all students will be exempt from the tax. He virtually admitted he was guilty. This year's results are virtually the same as last year's. wary // cautious, distrustful, heedful, alert // 조심(경계)하는 // [wary (of sb/sth) | wary (of doing sth)] Be wary of strangers who offer you a ride. She was wary of getting involved with him. He gave her a wary look. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town (= watch it carefully, in case there is trouble). wealth // 1.affluence. prosperity, opulence, riches 2.abundance, profusion, plethora // 1.부, 부유 2.풍부함 // 1)a person of wealth and influence. His personal wealth is estimated at around $100 million. the distribution of wealth in Britain. The purpose of industry is to create wealth. 2)[wealth of sth] a wealth of information. The new manager brings a great wealth of experience to the job. // // 5일 끝 agile // quick, light, nimble // 민첩한, 두뇌 회전이 빠른 // an agile mind / brain. ample // 1.large, spacious, vast, capacious, plenty of 2.plentiful, abundant // 1.넓은 2.충분한 // 1)He leaned back in his ample chair. She stood with her hands on her ample hips. 2)ample opportunity / evidence / space / proof. There was ample time to get to the airport. Ample free parking is available. arbitrarily // 1.randomly // 1.자의적으로, 임의로, 불합리하게 2.독단적으로 // The leaders of the groups were chosen arbitrarily. break with sth // separate from, discontinue an association // 관계를 끊다 // to break with tradition / old habits / the past. brightness // radiance // 빛남, 밝음 // An astronomer can determine the brightness of each star. conjure // 2.evoke // 1.마술을 부리다 2.불러내다, 상기시키다. // 1)Her grandfather taught her to conjure. He could conjure coins from behind people's ears. The magician conjured a rabbit out of his hat. 2)[conjure sth up] That smell always conjures up memories of holidays in France. correspondence // // 1.편지 2.편지왕래 3.관계, 일치 // 1)personal / private correspondence. The editor welcomes correspondence from readers on any subject. 2)[correspondence (with sb)] I refused to enter into any correspondence (= to exchange letters) with him about it. We have been in correspondence for months. 3)[correspondence (between A and B)] There is a close correspondence between the two extracts. durable // lasting, enduring, constant // 지속적인 // durable plastics. negotiations for a durable peace. dwarf // pygmy // 난쟁이 // Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. enigmatic // puzzling, mysterious, cryptic, perplexing // 수수께끼의, 불가사의한 // an enigmatic smile. extinct // vanished, defunct // 멸종된 // an extinct species. to become extinct. fabricate // make up, build, construct, concoct // (틀린 정보 등)만들어내다 // The evidence was totally fabricated. flake // 1.bit, chip // 1.파편, 작은 조각 2.괴짜, 기인 // 1)[flake of] flakes of snow / paint. dried onion flakes. harm // 1.damage, mischief, detriment // 1.손해, 손상 2.다치게 하다, 해를 끼치다 // 1)He would never frighten anyone or cause them any harm. He may look fierce, but he means no harm. The court case will do serious harm to my business. The accident could have been much worse; luckily no harm was done. 2)He would never harm anyone. Pollution can harm marine life. innocent // sinless, blameless, guiltless // 결백한 // [innocent (of sth)] They have imprisoned an innocent man. She was found innocent of any crime. He was the innocent party (= person) in the breakdown of the marriage. in/over the course of // during // ~동안에 // He's seen many changes in the course of his long life. The company faces major challenges over the course of the next few years. in vain // unsuccessful // 헛된(without success) // They tried in vain to persuade her to go. All our efforts were in vain. inconsequential // trivial, unimportant, insignificant, petty, trifling // 중요하지 않은, 하찮은 // inconsequential details. inconsequential chatter. leave // 1.depart // 1.떠나다 2.그만두다 3.이혼하다 4.그냥두다, 미루다 // 1)Come on, it's time we left. The plane leaves for Dallas at 12.35. The plane leaves Heathrow at 12.35. 2)My secretary has threatened to leave. Some children leave school at 16. 3)[leave sb (for sb)] She's leaving him for another man. 4)Leave the dishes--I'll do them later. Why do you always leave everything until the last moment? liken sth/sb to sth/sb // compare, equate, match, parallel // 비유하다 // Life is often likened to a journey. literally // 1.exactly 2.really, actually // 1.문자 그대로 2.정말로, 실제로 // 1)The word 'planet' literally means 'wandering body'. When I told you to 'get lost' I didn't expect to be taken literally. 2)There are literally hundreds of prizes to win. moderate // gentle, temperate, reasonable, mild // 1.적당한 2.온건한 // 1)students of moderate ability. Even moderate amounts of the drug can be fatal. The team enjoyed only moderate success last season. Cook over a moderate heat. 2)moderate views / policies. a moderate socialist. prolong // extend, lengthen, protract // 연장하다 // The operation could prolong his life by two or three years. Don't prolong the agony (= of not knowing sth)--just tell us who won! purify // clear, purge, cleanse // 정화하다, 깨끗하게 하다 // One tablet will purify a litre of water. reasonable // 1.rational, logical, sensible // 1.합리적인 2.(시기, 가격)적당한 // 1)[reasonable (to do sth)] It is reasonable to assume that he knew beforehand that this would happen. Be reasonable! We can't work late every night. 2)He made us a reasonable offer for the car. C, You must submit your claim within a reasonable time. We sell good quality food at reasonable prices. refined // purified, clarified, distilled // 정제된 // refined sugar. resilient // 2.rebounding, elastic // 1.회복이 빠른 2.탄력 있는 // 1)He'll get over it--young people are amazingly resilient. 2)boots with tough resilient soles. Any chemical treatment will leave hair less resilient than before. retain // keep, maintain, preserve // 유지하다, 보유하다 // to retain your independence. He struggled to retain control of the situation. The house retains much of its original charm. She retained her tennis title for the third year. a soil that retains moisture. This information is no longer retained within the computer's main memory.(figurative) She has a good memory and finds it easy to retain facts. scarce // rare, limited, deficient, insufficient // 부족한 // scarce resources. Details of the accident are scarce. Food was becoming scarce. scope // 1.potential 2.extent, range, space // 1.기회, 능력 2.범위 // 1)[scope (for sth) | scope (for sb) (to do sth)] There's still plenty of scope for improvement. The extra money will give us the scope to improve our facilities. First try to do something that is within your scope. 2)Our powers are limited in scope. C, This subject lies beyond the scope of our investigation. shabby // scruffy, ragged, beggarly, poor // 초라한, 닳아 해진 // She wore shabby old jeans and a T-shirt. The old man was shabby and unkempt. short-lived // // 단기간의 // Our happiness was short-lived. solidify // // 1.딱딱하게 만들다 2.(생각)굳건히 하다 // [solidify (into sth)] 1)The mixture will solidify into toffee. solidified lava. 2)Vague objections to the system solidified into firm opposition. They solidified their position as Britain's top band. substantial // 1.significant, noticeable, considerable, important 2.strong, sturdy, solid // 1.(크기, 가치)상당한 2.튼튼한 // 1)substantial sums of money. a substantial change. Substantial numbers of people support the reforms. He ate a substantial breakfast. 2)a substantial house. vacant // empty, void, unoccupied // 1.(자리, 방)빈 2.(직책 등)비어있는, 공석의 // 1)vacant properties. The seat next to him was vacant. (especially NAmE) a vacant lot (= a piece of land in a city that is not being used). 2)When the post finally fell (= became) vacant, they offered it to Fiona. (BrE) Situations Vacant (= a section in a newspaper where jobs are advertised). wizened // shriveled, withered, shrunken // 시든, 주름진 // a wizened little man. wizened apples. zone // area, region // 지역 // a war / security / demilitarized, etc. zone. an earthquake / danger, etc. zone. a pedestrian zone (= where vehicles may not go). // // 6일 끝 abolish // annul, nullify, revoke // 폐지하다 // This tax should be abolished. adage // proverb, saying, maxim // 속담, 격언 // the old adage that a picture is worth a thousand words. aesthetic // artistic // 미적인 // (NAmE also esthetic) an aesthetic appreciation of the landscape. The benefits of conservation are both financial and aesthetic. affect // 1. influence, act on 2. pretend, feign, assume // 1. ~에 영향을 미치다 2. ~인 체하다 // 1)How will these changes affect us? Your opinion will not affect my decision. The south of the country was worst affected by the drought. They were deeply affected by the news of her death. 2)She affected a calmness she did not feel. alteration // change, modification // 변경 // major / minor alterations. They are making some alterations to the house. an alteration in the baby's heartbeat. amenity // facility, pleasant situation, convenience // 편의 시설 // [usually pl.] The campsite is close to all local amenities. Many of the houses lacked even basic amenities (= for example, baths, showers, hot water). approximately // about, roughly, nearly, almost // 대략 // The journey took approximately seven hours. artisan // craftsman // 장인, 숙련공 // It is no use trying to give technical teaching to our artisans without elementary education... bear // 1.carry 2.yield 3.support 4.stand // 1.운반하다 2.아이를 낳다, 열매를 맺다 3.(무게를)지탱하다, 견디다 4.참다 5.책임지다 6.(나쁜 마음을)품다 // 1)three kings bearing gifts. 2)She was not able to bear children. 3)The ice is too thin to bear your weight. 4)She couldn't bear the thought of losing him. 5)She bore the responsibility for most of the changes. 6)He bears no resentment towards them. bountiful // 1.plentiful, abundant, ample, prolific, liberal 2.generous // 1.풍부한 2.관대한 // 1)a bountiful supply of food. 2)belief in a bountiful god. constituent // 1.component, elemental // 1.구성하는 2.선거인 3.구성물 // 1)to break something up into its constituent parts / elements. 2)She has the full support of her constituents. 3)[constituent of] Sodium is one of the constituents of salt. dispute // 1.argue, debate 2.argument // 1.논쟁하다 2.논쟁 // 1)These figures have been disputed. to dispute a decision / claim. The family wanted to dispute the will. No one is disputing that there is a problem. 2)[dispute (between A and B) | dispute (over / about sth)] a dispute between the two countries about the border. industrial / pay disputes. The union is in dispute with management over working hours. faculty // 1.ability, capacity, aptitude // 1.능력 2.교수진 // 1)the faculty of sight. She retained her mental faculties until the day she died. to be in full possession of your faculties (= be able to speak, hear, see, understand, etc.). [faculty of / for (doing) sth] the faculty of understanding complex issues. He had a faculty for seeing his own mistakes. 2)the Law School faculty. a faculty meeting. field // area // 분야 // famous in the field of music. All of them are experts in their chosen field. This discovery has opened up a whole new field of research. guiltless // sinless, blameless, innocent // 결백한 // The United States itself would not be guiltless. influx // arrival, incoming // 유입 // [influx (of sb/sth) (into...)] a massive / sudden influx of visitors. the influx of wealth into the region. inundate // 1.overwhelm, swamp 2.flood, deluge, swamp, submerge // 1.(다룰수 없을 만큼)많이 주다. 2.물에 잠기게하다 // 1)[inundate sb (with sth)] We have been inundated with offers of help. After the broadcast, we were inundated with requests for more information. 2)The tidal wave inundated vast areas of cropland. lexicon // 1.vocabulary // 1.어휘 2.사전 // 1)[(also the lexicon)] the lexicon of finance and economics. 2)a lexicon of technical scientific terms. lure // 1.entice, attract, draw, seduce, allure, decoy // 1.유혹하다 2.매력 3.미끼 // 1)The child was lured into a car but managed to escape. Young people are lured to the city by the prospect of a job and money. 2)Few can resist the lure of adventure. 3) mixture // combination, compound, blend, composite // 혼합(물) // The city is a mixture of old and new buildings. We listened to the news with a mixture of surprise and horror. cake mixture. Add the eggs to the mixture and beat well. mount // 1.arrange 2.increase, multiply, grow, rise 3.ascend, climb, scale // 1.(캠페인, 전시회 등)시작하다 2.증가하다 3.오르다 4.~에 타다 // 1)to mount a protest / campaign / an exhibition. 2)Pressure is mounting on the government to change the law. 3)He mounted the platform and addressed the crowd. 4)He mounted his horse and rode away. mundane // ordinary, routine, commonplace // 평범한, 단조로운 // a mundane task / job. I lead a pretty mundane existence. On a more mundane level, can we talk about the timetable for next week? nearly // almost, approximately, virtually // 거의 // The bottle’s nearly empty. I've worked here for nearly two years. It's nearly time to leave. The audience was nearly all men. He's nearly as tall as you are. They're nearly always late. She very nearly died. outstrip // surpass, outrun, exceed, excel // 능가하다, 뛰어나다, 앞지르다 // Demand is outstripping supply. Their latest computer outstrips all its rivals. pertinent // relevant, germane, applicable // 적절한, 관련된 // [pertinent (to sth)] a pertinent question / fact. Please keep your comments pertinent to the topic under discussion. preclude // prevent, rule out, foretell, obviate // 방해하다, 불가능하게 하다 // [preclude sth | preclude sb from doing sth] Lack of time precludes any further discussion. His religious beliefs precluded him / his serving in the army. refrain // desist from, pause, stop, cease // 억제하다, 삼가다 // [refrain (from sth / from doing sth)] Please refrain from smoking. He has refrained from criticizing the government in public. roughly // approximately, nearly // 대략 // Sales are up by roughly 10%. We live roughly halfway between here and the coast. They all left at roughly the same time. Roughly speaking, we receive about fifty letters a week on the subject. semblance // 1.appearance, outward appearance, approximation, show air, guise // 1.외관, 겉보기, 위장 2.(archaic)유사함 // [semblance of sth] The ceasefire brought about a semblance of peace. Life at last returned to some semblance of normality. She was trying to get her thoughts back into some semblance of order. 2)It bears some semblance to the thing I have in mind. sophisticated // 2.complex, complicated // 1.교양있는 2.복잡한 // 1)the sophisticated pleasures of city life. Mark is a smart and sophisticated young man. 2)highly sophisticated computer systems. Medical techniques are becoming more sophisticated all the time. stage // level, phase, period // 단계 // This technology is still in its early stages. The children are at different stages of development. The product is at the design stage. People tend to work hard at this stage of life. We did the first stage of the trip by train. The police are building up a picture of the incident stage by stage. The pay increase will be introduced in stages (= not all at once). thick // dense, compact // 밀집한 // [thick with sb/sth] The beach was thick with sunbathers. thus // 1.like this/that, in this/that way 2.hence, consequently, therefore, accordingly // 1.이런식으로, 이와 같이 2.따라서 // 1)Many scholars have argued thus. The universities have expanded, thus allowing many more people the chance of higher education. 2)He is the eldest son and thus heir to the title. We do not own the building. Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it. tiny // little, minuscule, small // 작은 // a tiny baby. Only a tiny minority hold such extreme views. verge // 1.edge, border, margin, side 2.brink, threshold, edge, point, starting point, start // 1.가장자리, 경계 2.~하기 직전 // [on / to the verge of sth / of doing sth] 1)They came down to the verge of the lake. 2)He was on the verge of tears. They are on the verge of signing a new contract. // // 7일 끝 acquaintance // 1.associate, companion // 1.아는 사이 2.지식 // 1)Claire has a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. He's just a business acquaintance. 2)[acquaintance with sth] I had little acquaintance with modern poetry. acquire // obtain, secure, win, earn // (노력, 재능으로, 구입)습득하다, 얻다 // She has acquired a good knowledge of English. He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty. I have recently acquired a taste for olives. The company has just acquired new premises. I've suddenly acquired a stepbrother. affection // attachment, amity, love // 애정 // [affection (for sb/sth)] Mr Darcy's affection for his sister. Children need lots of love and affection. He didn't show his wife any affection. She was held in deep affection by all her students. I have a great affection for New York. agree // assent, accede, concede // 동의하다 // [agree (with sb) (about / on sth) | agree (with sth)] When he said that, I had to agree. He agreed with them about the need for change. I agree with her analysis of the situation. 'It's terrible.' 'I couldn't agree more (= I completely agree)!'. We agreed (that) the proposal was a good one. [v speech] 'That's true', she agreed. alert // 3.warn, alarm, forewarn // 1.민첩한 2.인식하고 있는 3.경고하다 // 1)Suddenly he found himself awake and fully alert. Two alert scientists spotted the mistake. 2)[alert to sth] We must be alert to the possibility of danger. 3)Neighbours quickly alerted the emergency services. Alerted by a noise downstairs, he sat up and turned on the light. allure // 1.appeal, attract, invite // 1.유혹하다 2.매력 // 1)The town offers alluring shops and restaurants. 2)the allure of foreign travel. At 50, she had lost none of her sexual allure. sexual allure. the allure of the big city. amplify // 1.increase, enlarge, expand, magnify // 1.증폭하다 2.부연하다 // 1)to amplify a guitar / an electric current / a signal. 2)She refused to amplify further. You may need to amplify this point. arid // 1.dry, waterless, barren // 1.메마른 2.무미건조한 // 1)arid and semi-arid deserts. 2)an arid discussion. ascribe // attribute, impute, refer // ~의 탓으로 돌리다 // [ascribe sth to sb/sth] He ascribed his failure to bad luck. barge // lighter, canal boat, flatboat, a large low boat // 바지선 compensate // make up for // 보상하다 // [compensate (for sth)] Nothing can compensate for the loss of a loved one. [compensate sb (for sth)] Her lawyers say she should be compensated for the suffering she had been caused. configure // shape, form, mold // ~을 구성하다 // Both offer myriad ways to configure automatic searches. drastic // extreme, desperate, radical // 강력한, 극단적인 // drastic measures / changes. The government is threatening to take drastic action. a drastic shortage of food. Talk to me before you do anything drastic. embarrass // chagrin, abash, discountenance // ~을 난처하게 하다, 당혹케 하다 // Her questions about my private life embarrassed me. I didn't want to embarrass him by kissing him in front of his friends. It embarrassed her to meet strange men in the corridor at night. focus // concentrate, center, zoom in // 1.집중하다 2.(눈, 카메라)초점을 맞추다 // 1)[focus (sth) (on / upon sb/sth)] The discussion focused on three main problems. Each exercise focuses on a different grammar point. The visit helped to focus world attention on the plight of the refugees. 2)[focus (sth) (on sb/sth)] Let your eyes focus on objects that are further away from you. function // 1. purpose, role, use 3. act, work, operate, go, run // 1.기능 2.의식, 행사 3.정상 작동하다 // 1)to fulfil / perform a function. bodily functions (= for example eating, sex, using the toilet). The function of the heart is to pump blood through the body. 2)The hall provided a venue for weddings and other functions. 3)Despite the power cuts, the hospital continued to function normally. gathering // 1.assembly, convocation 2.amassing, collection // 1.모임, 집회 2.수집 // 1)a social / family gathering. a gathering of religious leaders. 2)methods of information gathering. haul // pull, tug, drag, heave // 끌어 당기다 // The wagons were hauled by horses. He reached down and hauled Liz up onto the wall. immediate // 1.nearest, close, next 3.instant // 1.인접한 2.직접적인 3.즉시의 // 1)in the immediate vicinity. The prospects for the immediate future are good. 2)The immediate cause of death is unknown. 3)an immediate reaction / response. to take immediate action. increase // augment, enlarge, escalate // 증가시키다, 확대하다 // [increase (sth) (from A) (to B) | increase (sth) (by sth)] The population has increased from 1.2 million to 1.8 million. The rate of inflation increased by 2%. The price of oil increased. increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere. Oil increased in price. loom // emerge, appear, take shape // 어렴풋이 나타나다 // A dark shape loomed up ahead of us. overtax // 2.burden heavily // 1.무리하게 하다 2.지나치게 과세하다 // 1)to overtax your strength. Take it easy. Don't overtax yourself. paradox // contradiction // 모순 // He was a paradox--a loner who loved to chat to strangers. It is a curious paradox that professional comedians often have unhappy personal lives. 'More haste, less speed' is a well-known paradox. It's a work full of paradox and ambiguity. pervasive // widespread, prevalent // 넘치는, 만연하는 // a pervasive smell of damp. A sense of social change is pervasive in her novels. pleasing // attractive, agreeable // 마음에 드는, 기분 좋은 // [pleasing (to sb/sth)] a pleasing design. The new building was pleasing to the eye. primary // 1.prime, fundamental, elementary, basic // 1.가장 중요한, 기본적인 2.초기의 // 1)The primary aim of this course is to improve your spoken English. Our primary concern must be the children. Good health care is of primary importance. 2)primary causes. The disease is still in its primary stage. proper // suitable, appropriate, adapted, fitting // 적당한 // We should have had a proper discussion before voting. Please follow the proper procedures for dealing with complaints. Nothing is in its proper place. Eat some proper food, not just toast and jam! When are you going to get a proper job? It is right and proper that parents take responsibility for their children's attendance at school. recur // return, reappear // 되풀이 되다, 재발하다 // This theme recurs several times throughout the book. a recurring illness / problem / nightmare, etc. retaliate // take revenge, avenge, revenge // 복수하다 // [retaliate (against sb/sth) | retaliate (by doing sth / with sth)] to retaliate against an attack. The boy hit his sister, who retaliated by kicking him. serve // // 1.서비스를 제공하다 2.충분하다 3.도움이 되다 // 1)[serve sth (with sth) | serve sth (to sb) | serve sb sth] Breakfast is served between 7 and 10 a.m. Serve the lamb with new potatoes and green beans. They served a wonderful meal to more than fifty delegates. 2)This dish will serve four hungry people. 3)These experiments serve no useful pur