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guarantee // insure, warrant // 보증하다 // Basic human rights, including freedom of speech, are now guaranteed. We cannot guarantee (that) our flights will never be delayed. The ticket will guarantee you free entry. We guarantee to deliver your goods within a week. [guarantee sth (against sth)] This iron is guaranteed for a year against faulty workmanship. hobby // pastime, diversion, avocation // 취미 // Her hobbies include swimming and gardening. I only play jazz as a hobby. inadequate // 1.insufficient, deficient 2.incompetent // 1.불충분한 2.부적당한 // 1)(for/to) inadequate supplies. The system is inadequate for the tasks it has to perform. The food supplies are inadequate to meet the needs of the hungry. 2)I felt totally inadequate as a parent. inborn // innate, native, natural // 타고난, 선천적인 // Good taste is inborn and cannot be learned. inaccessible // unreachable; unobtainable // 접근하기 어려운, 얻기 어려운 // [inaccessible (to sb/sth)] They live in a remote area, inaccessible except by car. The temple is now inaccessible to the public. (figurative)The language of teenagers is often completely inaccessible to (= not understood by) adults. inclination // 2.preference, tendency, trend // 1.(~할)기분, 마음 2.성향, 경향 3.경사 // 1)[(to do sth) | (towards / for sth)] He did not show the slightest inclination to leave. She lacked any inclination for housework. He was a loner by nature and by inclination. 2)(to do sth) There is an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject. 3)an inclination of 45°. the angle of inclination. insight // understanding, perception // 통찰력, 직관 // a writer of great insight. With a flash of insight I realized what the dream meant. intent // 4.purpose, intention, design // 1.흥미를 보이는 2.(계획)결심한 3.전념하는, 몰두하는 4.의도 // 1)an intent gaze / look. 2)(on/upon)They were intent on murder. Are you intent upon destroying my reputation? 3)(on/upon)I was so intent on my work that I didn't notice the time. 4)(to do sth)She denies possessing the drug with intent to supply. a letter / statement of intent. intertwine // 1.interweave, twine, intermingle // 1.뒤엉키다, 얽히다 2.관련되다 // 1)a necklace of rubies intertwined with pearls. intertwining branches. 2)Their political careers had become closely intertwined. join // 1.connect, link, untie, combine 2.meet // 1.연결하다, 결합하다 2.합류하다 // 1)[join A to B | join A and B (together / up)] Join one section of pipe to the next. Join the two sections of pipe together. The island is joined to the mainland by a bridge. 2)Will you join us for lunch? Do you mind if I join you? meddlesome // meddling, interfering, intrusive, officious // 간섭하기 좋아하는 // a meddlesome old woman. menace // threaten, intimidate // 위협하다 // The forests are being menaced by major development projects. myriad // 2.innumerable, numerous, countless, many // 1.무수 2.무수한 // 1)Designs are available in a myriad of colours. 2)the myriad problems of modern life. naive // 1.ingenuous, simple, unaffected 2.artless // 1.경험없는, 순진한 2.단순한 // 1)to be politically naive. I can't believe you were so naive as to trust him! a naive question. 2)Their approach to life is refreshingly naive. outrage // 2.atrocity 3.enrage, anger, aggravate, offend, infuriate // 1.분노 2.폭행 3.화나게 하다 // 1)The judge's remarks caused public outrage. Environmentalists have expressed outrage at the ruling. 2)No one has yet claimed responsibility for this latest bomb outrage. 3)He was outraged at the way he had been treated. particularly // especially, uniquely, specially // 특히 // particularly good / important / useful. Traffic is bad, particularly in the city centre. I enjoyed the play, particularly the second half. The lecture was not particularly (= not very) interesting. 'Did you enjoy it?' 'No, not particularly (= not very much).' principal // central, major, main, primal, prime, chief // 주요한 // The principal reason for this omission is lack of time. New roads will link the principal cities of the area. propel // 1.push, force out, drive, impel // 1.밀어내다 2.자극하다, 촉구하다 // 1)mechanically propelled vehicles. He succeeded in propelling the ball across the line. 2)He was grabbed from behind and propelled through the door. Fury propelled her into action. rigorous // 1.thorough 2.strick, severe, demanding, harsh // 1.세심한 2.엄격한 // 1)a rigorous analysis. 2)The work failed to meet their rigorous standards. savor // 1.flavor, taste 2.relish // 1.맛 2.(맛)음미하다 // 1)(figurative) For Emma, life had lost its savour. 2)He ate his meal slowly, savouring every mouthful. scramble // 1.clamber 2.mix up, jumble, muddle, tangle // 1.애써나아가다, 기어오르다 2.뒤섞다, 혼동시키다 // 1)She managed to scramble over the wall. He scrambled to his feet as we came in. 2)Alcohol seemed to have scrambled his brain. seldom // infrequently, rarely, hardly, scarcely // 거의 ~않다 // He had seldom seen a child with so much talent. She seldom, if ever, goes to the theatre. They seldom watch television these days. (literary)Seldom had he seen such beauty. simulated // artificial, imitated // 모조의, 가짜의 // simulated leather. 'How wonderful!' she said with simulated enthusiasm. The experiments were carried out under simulated examination conditions. slight // small, insignificant, trivial, trifling // 사소한 // a slight increase / change / delay / difference. I woke up with a slight headache. The damage was slight. She takes offence at the slightest thing (= is very easily offended). There was not the slightest hint of trouble. sporadic // intermittent, infrequent, rare, scarce, occasional, irregular // 산발적인, 간헐적인 // sporadic fighting / gunfire / violence, etc. sporadic outbreaks of the disease. standstill // complete stop, halt // 정지 // The security alert brought the airport to a standstill. Traffic in the northbound lane is at a complete standstill. systematic // methodical, organized // 체계적인, 조직적인 // a systematic approach to solving the problem. a systematic attempt to destroy the organization. The prisoner was subjected to systematic torture. through // by, by means of // ~에 의하여, ~때문에 // You can only achieve success through hard work. It was through him (= as a result of his help) that I got the job. The accident happened through no fault of mine. versatile // flexible, adaptable, all-around, many-sided // 다재다능한, 다방면의 // He's a versatile actor who has played a wide variety of parts. voluble // fluent, talkative, loquacious // 유창한 // Evelyn was very voluble on the subject of women's rights. // // Lesson 46 ends. amiable // agreeable, friendly, amicable, genial, cordial // 상냥한 // an amiable tone of voice. Her parents seemed very amiable. arduous // difficult, strenuous, laborious, onerous // 힘든, 노력을 요하는 // an arduous journey across the Andes. The work was arduous. ascend // climb, mount, go up // 올라가다 // [ ascend (to sth)] The path started to ascend more steeply. Mist ascended from the valley. The air became colder as we ascended. The results, ranked in ascending order (= from the lowest to the highest) are as follows:. atmosphere // air, ambiance, aura // 공기, 분위기 // a party atmosphere. The hotel offers a friendly atmosphere and personal service. Use music and lighting to create a romantic atmosphere. awe // amazement, surprise, wonder // 두려움, 경외심 // awe and respect. awe and wonder. He speaks of her with awe. 'It's magnificent,' she whispered in awe. completely // totally, perfectly, entirely, utterly // 완전히 // completely different. completely and utterly broke. I've completely forgotten her name. The explosion completely destroyed the building. cram // jam, stuff // (쑤셔)넣다 // [cram (sth) into / onto sth | cram (sth) in] He crammed eight people into his car. I could never cram in all that she does in a day. I managed to cram down a few mouthfuls of food. Supporters crammed the streets. We all managed to cram into his car. dilemma // difficult situation, predicament, strait // 곤혹 // to face a dilemma. to be in a dilemma. discharge // 1.release, set free, liberate 2.release // 1.(군인, 환자 등을)해방시키다 2.방출하다 // 1)[discharge sb (from sth)] Patients were being discharged from the hospital too early. He was discharged from the army following his injury. 2)[discharge (sth) (into sth)] The river is diverted through the power station before discharging into the sea. enlist // call up, conscript, draft, join in, enroll // 입대하다 // [enlist (sb) (in / into / for sth) | enlist (sb) (as sth)] They both enlisted in 1915. to enlist as a soldier C, [vn] He was enlisted into the US Navy. enterprise // venture, undertaking // (모험적인)사업, 프로젝트 // his latest business enterprise. a joint enterprise. escalate // increase, intensify, mount, rise // 확대되다, 악화되다 // [escalate (sth) (into sth)] The fighting escalated into a full-scale war. the escalating costs of health care C, [vn] We do not want to escalate the war. estimate // assess, evaluate, judge, value, appraise // 평가하다 // [estimate sth (at sth)] The satellite will cost an estimated $400 million. Police estimate the crowd at 30 000. The deal is estimated to be worth around $1.5 million. We estimated (that) it would cost about $5000. It is estimated (that) the project will last four years. It is hard to estimate how many children suffer from dyslexia. green hand // untrained worker // 미숙한 사람 // Mr. Kim is a green hand at foreign trade. inclined // 2.apt, liable, prone, disposed 3.slanted, tilted // 1.(~하기를)원하는 2.~의 경향이 있는 3.경사진, 기울어진 // (to) 1)She was inclined to trust him. He writes only when he feels inclined to. There'll be time for a swim if you feel so inclined. 2)He's inclined to be lazy. They'll be more inclined to listen if you don't shout. incoherent // 2.disordered, unintelligible // 1.말문이 막힌 2.두서 없는 // 1)She broke off, incoherent with anger. 2)an incoherent policy. innovate // begin, create, pioneer // 시작하다 // 혁신하다, (새기술)소개하다 // We must constantly adapt and innovate to ensure success in a growing market. to innovate new products. lading // cargo, load, freight // 화물 original // 1.initial, primary, early, opening 2.imaginative, creative, inventive // 1.처음의 2.독창적인 // 1)The room still has many of its original features. I think you should go back to your original plan. 2)an original idea. That's not a very original suggestion. an original thinker. outrageous // scandalous, shocking, offensive, intolerable // 지나친, 엄청난, 믿기지 않는 // outrageous behaviour. 'That's outrageous!' he protested. She says the most outrageous things sometimes. outrageous clothes. picture // represent, portray, depict // 묘사하다 // Before the trial Liz had been pictured as a frail woman dominated by her husband. preliminary // 1.initial, introductory, preparatory // 1.서두의, 예비의 2.사전준비 // 1)[preliminary (to sth)] After a few preliminary remarks he announced the winners. preliminary results / findings / enquiries. the preliminary rounds of the contest. pilot studies preliminary to a full-scale study. 2)(to) Research will be needed as a preliminary to taking a decision. preoccupation // absorption, obsession // 몰두, 강박관념 // [preoccupation (with sth)] She found his preoccupation with money irritating. His current preoccupation is the appointment of the new manager. preserve // protect, save, maintain, conserve, keep // 보호하다, 보존하다 // He was anxious to preserve his reputation. Efforts to preserve the peace have failed. a perfectly preserved 14th century house. (humorous)Is he really 60? He's remarkably well preserved. radiant // 2.bright, vivid, brilliant, beaming, glowing // 1.(표정)행복해 보이는 2.빛나는 // 1)[radiant (with sth)] a radiant smile. The bride looked radiant. She was radiant with health. 2)The sun was radiant in a clear blue sky. research // investigate, study, examine, scrutinize // 조사하다 // [research (into / in / on sth)] They’re researching into ways of improving people's diet. to research a problem / topic / market. She's in New York researching her new book (= finding facts and information to put in it). reverence // worship, veneration, homage, respect, awe // 존경 // [reverence (for sb/sth)] The poem conveys his deep reverence for nature. reverse // invert, revoke // 바꾸다, 뒤집다 // to reverse a procedure / process / trend. The government has failed to reverse the economic decline. It is sometimes possible to arrest or reverse the disease. The Court of Appeal reversed the decision. right // correct, proper, appropriate // 옳은, 적절한 // [right (to do sth)] You were quite right to criticize him. Is it ever right to kill? It seems only right to warn you of the risk. I hope we’re doing the right thing. satire // irony, sarcasm // 풍자 // political / social satire. a work full of savage / biting satire. segregate // 2.seclude, separate, dissociate, disunite // 1.차별하다 2.떼어놓다, 분리하다 // 1)[segregate sb (from sb)] a culture in which women are segregated from men. a racially segregated community. a segregated school (= one for students of one race or religion only) 2)[segregate sth (from sth)] In all our restaurants, smoking and non-smoking areas are segregated from each other. stable // unchangeable, invariable, constant, steady, steadfast // 안정된 // stable prices. a stable relationship. This ladder doesn't seem very stable. The patient's condition is stable (= it is not getting worse). strong // robust, mighty // 강한 // strong muscles. She wasn't a strong swimmer (= she could not swim well). He's strong enough to lift a car! tease // 1.make fun of, deride 2.irritate, bother, annoy // 1.농담하다, 놀리다, 비웃다 2.괴롭히다 // 1)Don't get upset--I was only teasing. I used to get teased about my name. 2)Stop teasing the cat! tempting // inviting, attractive, seductive, alluring // 매력적인, 유혹하는 // It was a tempting offer. That cake looks very tempting. It's tempting to speculate about what might have happened. type // kind, sort // 종류, 유형 // [type (of sth)] different racial types. a rare blood type. There are three main types of contract(s). Bungalows are a type of house. She mixes with all types of people. She mixes with people of all types. I love this type of book. I love these types of books. (informal) I love these type of books. underlying // 1.fundamental, basic, elementary // 1.근본적인 2.밑에있는 // 1)The underlying assumption is that the amount of money available is limited. Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate. 2)the underlying rock formation. vein // blood vessel // 정맥 // the jugular vein. // // Lesson 47 ends. absolutely // totally, utterly, completely // 전적으로 // You're absolutely right. He made it absolutely clear. caption // title, heading // 표제 // a photograph of the couple captioned 'rebuilding their romance'. categorize // arrange in classes, classify, group, class // 분류하다 // [categorize sb/sth (as sth)] Participants were categorized according to age. His latest work cannot be categorized as either a novel or an autobiography. complicated // complex, intricate // 복잡한 // a complicated system. The instructions look very complicated. C, It's all very complicated--but I'll try and explain. conflicting // opposing, contrary, clashing // 상반(상충)되는 // [conflicting opinions/demands/interests etc] I had been given a great deal of conflicting advice. There are conflicting views about what caused the accident. gratify // please, satisfy, appease // 만족시키다, 기쁘게하다 // It gratified him to think that it was all his work. I was gratified by their invitation. in operation // being used // 작동중인 // The system has been in operation for six months. Temporary traffic controls are in operation on New Road. instrument // 1.means, mechanism 2.apparatus, appliance, tool, device // 1.수단, 방법 2.기구, 도구 // 1)[instrument of / for sth] The law is not the best instrument for dealing with family matters. an instrument of change. 2)surgical / optical / precision, etc. instruments. instruments of torture. intrude // trespass, encroach, violate // 침입하다, 침범하다 // [intrude (into / on / upon sb/sth)] I'm sorry to intrude, but I need to talk to someone. legislation to stop newspapers from intruding on people's private lives. key // 1.tone 2.secret, essential, important, central // 1.가락, (음악)조 2.필수적인, 중요한 // 1)a sonata in the key of E flat major. 2)[key (to sth)] The key to success is preparation. The driver of the car probably holds the key to solving the crime. (especially NAmE) The key is, how long can the federal government control the inflation rate? legacy // tradition, inheritance, heritage // (전통적인)유산 // They each received a legacy of $5000. manufacture // make, build, construct, mass-produce // (대규모로)제조하다 // manufactured goods. memorable // unforgettable, notable, remarkable, noteworthy // 기억할 만한, 인상적인 // a truly memorable occasion. narrow // taper // 좁아지다, 좁게하다 // This is where the river narrows. The gap between the two teams has narrowed to three points. Her eyes narrowed (= almost closed) menacingly. He narrowed his eyes at her. We need to try and narrow the health divide between rich and poor. occasion // 2.event, affair // 1.때 2.행사, 사건 3.시기 // 1)on this / that occasion. I've met him on several occasions. I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health.2)a great / memorable / happy occasion. Turn every meal into a special occasion. 3)[occasion (for sth / doing sth)] It should have been an occasion for rejoicing, but she could not feel any real joy. occasional // infrequent, irregular, sporadic // 가끔의 // He works for us on an occasional basis. I enjoy the occasional glass of wine. He spent five years in Paris, with occasional visits to Italy. an occasional smoker (= a person who smokes, but not often). oversee // supervise, manage, control // 감독하다 // A team leader was appointed to oversee the project. oversight // 1.omission, mistake, blunder, slip, error // 1.실수 2.감독 // 1)I didn't mean to leave her name off the list; it was an oversight. 2)The committee has oversight of finance and general policy. peaceful // serene, tranquil, placid, quiet, calm // 평온한 // a peaceful atmosphere. peaceful sleep. It's so peaceful out here in the country. He had a peaceful life. peak // summit, maximum, pinnacle, height, apex // 정점, 절정 // Traffic reaches its peak between 8 and 9 in the morning. She's at the peak of her career. the peaks and troughs of married life. perforate // pierce, punch, puncture, hole // 구멍을 뚫다 // The explosion perforated his eardrum. a perforated line (= a row of small holes in paper, made so that a part can be torn off easily). piquant // 1.savory, spicy 2.provocative, stimulating // 1.(맛이)톡 쏘는, 자극적인 2.흥미를 유발하는 // 1)a piquant wild mushroom sauce. 2)It is always fresh and often pleasingly piquant. quit // give up, stop, resign, retire // 그만두다, 사직하다 // [quit (as sth)] If I don't get more money I'll quit. He has decided to quit as manager of the team. He quit the show last year because of bad health. I've quit smoking. Just quit it! We only just started. We're not going to quit now. reinforcement // 1.support // 1.지원군 2.보강, 강화 // 1)(pl) to send in reinforcements. 2)The bridge needs some structural reinforcement. remnant // trace, remains, relics // 나머지, 잔재, 자취 // The woods are remnants of a huge forest which once covered the whole area. remove // 3.eliminate, withdraw, extract // 1.치우다 2.벗다 3.제거하다 // 1)[remove sth/sb (from sth/sb)] He removed his hand from her shoulder. Illegally parked vehicles will be removed. 2)She removed her glasses and rubbed her eyes. 3)She has had the tumour removed. to remove problems / obstacles / objections. The news removed any doubts about the company's future. role // function, duty, capacity // 역할, 기능 // the role of the teacher in the classroom. She refused to take on the traditional woman's role. In many marriages there has been a complete role reversal (= change of roles) with the man staying at home and the woman going out to work. shudder // 1.tremor, shiver, quiver, shake // 1.떨림, 전율 2.떨다 // 1)a shudder of fear. She gave an involuntary shudder. 2)[shudder (with sth) | shudder (at sth)] Just thinking about the accident makes me shudder. Alone in the car, she shuddered with fear. I shuddered at the thought of all the trouble I'd caused. spite // ill-will, maliciousness, malice // 악의, 심술 // I'm sure he only said it out of spite. spread out // extend, broaden, stretch // 펼치다, 늘어놓다 // There's more room to spread out in first class. Do you have to spread yourself out all over the sofa? strip // 1.undress 2.remove, divest, deprive // 1.벗다 2.제거하다 // 1)[strip sth (off) | strip (down to sth) | strip sb (to sth)] I stripped and washed myself all over. We stripped off and ran down to the water. She stripped down to her underwear. 2)[strip sth (out)] We had to strip out all the old wiring and start again. Thieves had stripped the house bare. temporary // makeshift, for a limited time, transient, transitory // 일시적인 // temporary relief from pain. I'm looking for some temporary work. They had to move into temporary accommodation. a temporary measure / solution / arrangement. More than half the staff are temporary. tendency // trend, inclination, proneness, bent // 경향, 성향 // [tendency (for sb/sth) (to do sth) | tendency (to / towards sth)] to display artistic, etc. tendencies. I have a tendency to talk too much when I'm nervous. There is a tendency for this disease to run in families. She has a strong natural tendency towards caution. underpinning // foundation, basis // 토대, 기초, 기반 // the economic underpinning of ancient Mexican society. the violent woman-hating underpinnings of films like 'Cape Fear'. / underpin 떠받치다.

unencumbered // free // 자유로운, 방해 없는 // Nick felt unencumbered after he took off all his scuba gear. version // 1.translation 3.variant, form // 1.번역(물) 2.의견, 해석 3.판 // 1)The English version of the novel is due for publication next year. 2)She gave us her version of what had happened that day. Their versions of how the accident happened conflict. 3)There are two versions of the game, a long one and a short one. the latest version of the software package. the de luxe / luxury version. well-suited // adequate, appropriate // 잘 어울리는 // Jo and I are very well suited. They were not suited to one another. / suited 적절한. whip // 2.flog, thrash, lash // 1.채찍 2.채찍질하다 // 1)He cracked his whip and the horse leapt forward. 2)He whipped the horse into a canter. whole // entire, total, full // 전체의 // He spent the whole day writing. We drank a whole bottle each. The whole country (= all the people in it) mourned her death. Let's forget the whole thing. She wasn't telling the whole truth. // // Lesson 48 ends. absolve // 1.exonerate, acquit 2.pardon, forgive, exculpate, let off // 1.무죄를 선고하다 2.사면하다, 용서하다 // [absolve sb (from / of sth)] 1)The court absolved him of all responsibility for the accident. 2)I absolve you from all your sins. ambling // leisurely, slow, easy // 느린걸음의 // They watched the horse's ambling walk to the fence. / amble 천천히 걷다, 느긋하게 걷다.

votary // devotee, admirer, faithful follower // (특정 종교의) 신봉자 // [votary of sb/sth] a votary of John Keats. // // Lesson 45 ends. alight // 2.get off, land, settle, come down // 1.불붙은, 타는 2.내리다 // 1)A cigarette set the dry grass alight. Her dress caught alight in the fire. 2)Do not alight from a moving bus. alternate // interchange, rotate // 번갈아 일어나다 // [~(with sth)]alternating dark and pale stripes. Dark stripes alternate with pale ones. contain // involve, comprise, hold // 포함(수용)하다 // This drink doesn't contain any alcohol. Her statement contained one or two inaccuracies. a brown envelope containing dollar bills. The bottle contains (= can hold) two litres. deter // preclude, prevent, inhibit, avert // 그만두게 하다, 방해하다 // [deter sb (from sth / from doing sth)] I told him I wasn't interested, but he wasn't deterred. The high price of the service could deter people from seeking advice. examine // inspect, probe, scrutinize, investigate // 정밀 조사하다 // [~ sth/sb (for sth)] The goods were examined for damage on arrival. The doctor examined her but could find nothing wrong. fast // quick, swift, rapid, fleet // 빠른 // a fast car / horse. the world's fastest runner. gist // core, kernel, essence // 요점, 핵심 // [(usually the gist) [sing.] gist (of sth)] to get (= understand) the gist of an argument. I missed the beginning of the lecture--can you give me the gist of what he said? I'm afraid I don't quite follow your gist (= what you really mean). gleaming // shining, luminous, brilliant // 반짝이는, 빛나는 // gleaming white teeth. / gleam 빛나다.

barter // trade, exchange, swap // 물물 교환하다 // [barter sth (for sth) | barter (with sb) (for sth)] The local people bartered wheat for tools. The prisoners tried to barter with the guards for items like writing paper and books. bombard // 1.strike, assault, assail // 1.폭격하다 2.(질문)퍼붓다 // 1)I had been in action bombarding the Normandy coast. 2)We have been bombarded with letters of complaint. They bombarded him with questions. Today we are bombarded with advice on what to eat and what to avoid. breeding // 2.reproduction, upbringing // 1.사육 2.번식 // 1)the breeding of horses. 2)the breeding season. bulky // large, hulking, immense, gross, massive // 거대한 // Bulky items will be collected separately. depict // 2.represent, portray, picture, render, interpret // 1.그리다 2.묘사하다 // [depict sb/sth (as sb/sth)] 1)a painting depicting the Virgin and Child. The artist had depicted her lying on a bed. 2)The novel depicts French society in the 1930s. The advertisements depict smoking as glamorous and attractive. diminish // 1.lessen, reduce, abate, shrink, decrease 2.belittle // 1.줄이다, 작게하다 2.(신용, 중요도)떨어뜨리다 // 1)The world's resources are rapidly diminishing. His influence has diminished with time. Our efforts were producing diminishing returns (= we achieved less although we spent more time or money). 2)I don't wish to diminish the importance of their contribution. duration // length, term, span // 지속 기간 // The school was used as a hospital for the duration of the war. a contract of three years' duration. emphasize // stress, make much of, highlight // 강조하다 // His speech emphasized the importance of attracting industry to the town. She emphasized that their plan would mean sacrifices and hard work. He emphasized how little was known about the disease. It should be emphasized that this is only one possible explanation. exalted // superior, high-ranking, praised // 고귀한, 신분이 높은 // She was the only woman to rise to such an exalted position. You're moving in very exalted circles! favor // 1.kindness, good-will 2.approval, blessing, approbation // 1.호의, 친절 2.찬성, 지지 // 1)Could you do me a favour and pick up Sam from school today? Can I ask a favour? I would never ask for any favours from her. 2)The suggestion to close the road has found favour with (= been supported by) local people. The programme has lost favour with viewers recently. fervor // zeal, passion, ardor, enthusiasm // 열정 // She kissed him with unusual fervour. religious / patriotic fervour. foliage // leaves // 잎 // dense green foliage. foster // 1.encourage, promote 2.rear, breed, nourish, raise // 1.촉진하다 2.기르다 // 1)The club's aim is to foster better relations within the community. 2)They have fostered over 60 children during the past ten years.We couldn't adopt a child, so we decided to foster. free // liberate, deliver, emancipate, release // 해방시키다 // [free sb (from sth)] By the end of May nearly 100 of an estimated 2000 political prisoners had been freed. The hijackers agreed to free a further ten hostages. [free sb/sth / yourself (from sth)] Three people were freed from the wreckage. She struggled to free herself. further // additional, extra, more // 그 이상의, 추가의 // Cook for a further 2 minutes. Have you any further questions? For further details call this number. We have decided to take no further action. The museum is closed until further notice (= until we say that it is open again). guide // direct, lead, show, conduct, escort // 안내하다 // [guide sb (to / through / around sth)] She guided us through the busy streets to the cathedral. We were guided around the museums. inaction // lack of action or activity, inactivity, passivity // 활동하지 않음 // Several newspapers have criticized the President for inaction. inanimate // lifeless // 생명이 없는, 무생물의 // A rock is an inanimate object. indispensable // essential, necessary, requisite // 필수적인[indispensable (to sb/sth) | indispensable (for sth / for doing sth)] Cars have become an indispensable part of our lives. She made herself indispensable to the department. A good dictionary is indispensable for learning a foreign language. inimical // hamful, unfriendly, hostile, antagonistic, opposed // 해로운, 적대하는 // [inimical to sth] These policies are inimical to the interests of society. a cold, inimical climate. conditions inimical to development. intervention // influence, interference // 간섭, 개입 // [intervention (in sth)] calls for government intervention to save the steel industry. armed / military intervention. lenient // mild, clement, merciful // 관대한, 너그러운 // a lenient sentence / fine. The judge was far too lenient with him. merge // combine, unite, blend // 결합(용합)하다 // [merge (with / into) sth | merge A with B | merge A and B (together)] The banks are set to merge next year. His department will merge with mine. The villages expanded and merged into one large town. Fact and fiction merge together in his latest thriller. The two groups have merged to form a new party. His department will be merged with mine. pattern // design, figure // 도안, 무늬 // a pattern of diamonds and squares. a shirt with a floral pattern. permanent // lasting, constant, everlasting, perpetual // 불변의, 영구적인 // a permanent job. permanent staff. They are now living together on a permanent basis. The accident has not done any permanent damage. a permanent fixture (= a person or an object that is always in a particular place). point // issue // 요점 // (usually the point) The point is you shouldn't have to wait so long to see a doctor. I wish he would get to the point (= say it quickly). I'll come straight to the point: we need more money. Do you see my point (= understand)? I think I missed the point (= did not understand). You have a point (= your idea is right)--it would be better to wait till this evening. praise // 1.commend, compliment 2.acclaim, hail, laud, admire // 1.칭찬하다 2.칭송하다 // 1)[praise sb/sth (for sth) | praise sb/sth (as sth)] She praised his cooking. He praised his team for their performance. Critics praised the work as highly original. 2)Praise the Lord. Allah be praised. precarious // insecure, unreliable, uncertain, unstable; delicate, touchy // 불안정한, 위험한 // He earned a precarious living as an artist. The museum is in a financially precarious position. rapidly // quickly, fast // 급속히 // a rapidly growing economy. Crime figures are rising rapidly. refine // improve, polish // 1.정제하다 2.개선하다, 다듬다 // 1)the process of refining oil / sugar. oil refining 2)Car makers are constantly refining their designs. rent // lease, let // 임대하다 // [rent sth (from sb)] to live in rented accommodation / housing / property. Who do you rent the land from? source // 1.spring, origin, head 2.origin, derivation // 1.원천 2.출처 3.근원, 원인 // 1)renewable energy sources. Your local library will be a useful source of information. 2)He refused to name his sources. source material. Historians use a wide range of primary and secondary sources for their research. 3)a source of violence. a source of confusion. sparsely // lightly, thinly // 희박하게, 드물게 // a sparsely populated area. standpoint // perspective, point of view // 관점 // a political / theoretical, etc. standpoint. He is writing from the standpoint of someone who knows what life is like in prison. stint // 1.limit // 1.절약하다 2.(어떤 일, 활동하던)기간 // 1)[stint (on sth) | stint (yourself) (usually used in negative sentences)] She never stints on the food at her parties. We don't need to stint ourselves--have some more! 2)[stint (as sth)] He did a stint abroad early in his career. a two-year stint in the Navy. subsequently // later, successively // 그후에, 이어서 // The original interview notes were subsequently lost. Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees. terrestrial // 1.earthly, worldly // 1.뭍의, 육지의 2.지구의 // 2)terrestrial life. unbridled // unconstrained, unrestrained, uncontrolled, unrestricted // 구속 받지 않는, 억제되지 않은 // unbridled passion. // // Lesson 49 ends. acclaim // 1.acclamation, applause, commendation 2.hail, praise, commend, applaud // 1.찬사, 호평 2.격찬하다, 환호하다 // 1)international / popular / critical acclaim. 2)[acclaim sb/sth (as sth)] a highly / widely acclaimed performance. The work was acclaimed as a masterpiece. active // lively, brisk, positive // 활기찬 // That child has a very active imagination. administer // 1.manage, conduct, execute, supervise 2.give, deal // 1.관리하다 2.주다, (처벌)가하다 // 1)to administer a charity / fund / school. The pension funds are administered by commercial banks. 2)[administer sth (to sb)] The teacher has the authority to administer punishment. avail // be of use, serve // 도움이 되다 // avail yourself of sth. 사용하다, 이용하다. Guests are encouraged to avail themselves of the full range of hotel facilities. blossom // 2.flourish, bloom, thrive // 1.꽃 2.번영하다, 건강해지다 // 1)cherry / orange / apple blossom. The trees are in blossom. 2)[blossom (into sth)] She has visibly blossomed over the last few months. Their friendship blossomed into love. cast // project, throw, hurl, pitch // 던지다 // She cast a welcoming smile in his direction. The setting sun cast an orange glow over the mountains. [cast doubt / aspersions (on / upon sth)] This latest evidence casts serious doubt on his version of events. charge // 3.impose responsibility // 1.(요금)청구하다 2.고소하다 3.책임을 지우다 // 1)[charge (sb/sth) for sth | charge (sb) sth (for sth)] What did they charge for the repairs? The restaurant charged ?20 for dinner. 2)[charge sb (with sth / with doing sth)] He was charged with murder. 3)[ charge sb with sth] The committee has been charged with the development of sport in the region. chiefly // primarily, mainly // 주로 // We are chiefly concerned with improving educational standards. He's travelled widely, chiefly in Africa and Asia. coherent // logical, consistent // 논리적인, 일관성 있는, 명확한 // a coherent narrative / account / explanation. a coherent policy for the transport system. count // 4.matter, weigh, signify // 1.수를세다 2.계산하다 3.포함하다 4.중요하다 // 1)[count (from sth) (to / up to sth)] Billy can't count yet. 2)[count (sth) (up)] The diet is based on counting calories. She began to count up how many guests they had to invite. 3)We have invited 50 people, not counting the children. 4)[count (for sth)] Every point in this game counts. discernible // noticeable, detectable, observable, perceivable // 분간할 수 있는, 구별할 수 있는 // There is often no discernible difference between rival brands. His face was barely discernible in the gloom. distinguished // marked, prominent, eminent, renowned // 1.유명한, 저명한 2.(외모)기품있는 // 1)a distinguished career in medicine. 2)I think grey hair makes you look very distinguished. fidelity // loyalty, faithfulness, devotion // 충성 // [fidelity (to sth)] fidelity to your principles. frame // 2.fit up 3.make, shape, mold, produce // 1.틀을 만들다 2.죄를 씌우다 3.(계획, 규칙)만들다 // 1)The photograph had been framed. Her blonde hair framed her face. 2)He says he was framed. Needham's lawyers claimed that he had been framed by the police. 3)Newman played a central role in framing the new law. huge // enormous, vast, massive, mammoth, gigantic, colossal // 거대한 // a huge crowd. He gazed up at her with huge brown eyes. huge debts. huge amounts of data. The sums of money involved are potentially huge. The party was a huge success. This is going to be a huge problem for us. inevitable // certain, unavoidable, inspection, fixed // 불가피한 // It was an inevitable consequence of the decision. It was inevitable that there would be job losses. A rise in the interest rates seems inevitable. inspire // 1.motivate, fire the imagination of // 1.격려하다, 고무하다 2.영감을 주다 3.(감정)일어나게 하다 // 1)[inspire sb (to sth)] The actors inspired the kids with their enthusiasm. The actors' enthusiasm inspired the kids. 2)The choice of decor was inspired by a trip to India. 3)[inspire sb (with sth) | inspire sth (in sb)] Her work didn't exactly inspire me with confidence. intention // willingness, aim, design, intent, purpose // 의향, 의도 // [intention (of doing sth) | intention (to do sth) | intention (that...)] I have no intention of going to the wedding. He has announced his intention to retire. It was not my intention that she should suffer. He left England with the intention of travelling in Africa. I have every intention of paying her back what I owe her. livelihood // occupation, job, living // 생계(수단) // Communities on the island depended on whaling for their livelihood. a means / source of livelihood. make up // constitute, form, compose // 구성하다 // Women make up 56% of the student numbers. mark // 3.indicate, label // 1.얼룩, 흔적 2.표시 3.표시하다 // 1)The children left dirty marks all over the kitchen floor. a burn / scratch mark. 2)On the day of the funeral businesses remained closed as a mark of respect. Such coolness under pressure is the mark of a champion. 3)The cross marks the spot where the body was found. The route has been marked in red. mechanism // 1.device, instrument, tool, apparatus 2.means, method, technique // 1.조직, 구조 2.방법 // 1)the balance mechanism in the ears. Pain acts as a natural defence mechanism. 2)mechanisms for dealing with complaints from the general public. move // 1.touch, affect, excite, impress 2.pass, transfer, shift // 1.~한 마음이 들다 2.나아가다, 이동하다 // 1)[move sb (to sth)] We were deeply moved by her plight. Grown men were moved to tears at the horrific scenes. 2)Don't move--stay perfectly still. You can hardly move in this pub on Saturdays (= because it is so crowded). You can't move for books in her room. oppress // maltreat, persecute // 억압(학대)하다 // The regime is accused of oppressing religious minorities. pronounced // definite, marked, significant, decided, obvious // 명백한, 뚜렷한 // He walked with a pronounced limp. She has very pronounced views on art. reward // recompense, prize, compensation, redress // 보답, 보상 // a financial reward. a reward for good behaviour. The company is now reaping the rewards of their investments. You deserve a reward for being so helpful. Winning the match was just reward for the effort the team had made. ripe // mature, mellow, developed // 1.익은 2.숙성된 3.(시기)무르익은, 때가 된 // 1)Those tomatoes aren't ripe yet. 3)[ripe (for sth)] This land is ripe for development. The conditions were ripe for social change. Reforms were promised when the time was ripe. roam // wander, ramble, roll, stroll, stray // 돌아다니다, 배회하다 // The sheep are allowed to roam freely on this land. to roam the countryside / the streets, etc. sheen // luster, brightness, gleam, shine // 광채, 광택 // hair with a healthy sheen. situation // condition, position, status // 상태, 처지 // to be in a difficult situation. You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately. the present economic / financial / political, etc. situation. I'm in a no-win situation (= whatever I do will be bad for me). slack // 1.loose, relaxed 2.sluggish // 1.느슨한 2.(장사등)불경기의 // 1)She was staring into space, her mouth slack. The rope suddenly went slack. slack muscles. 2)a slack period. slender // 1.slim, weak, fragile, delicate // 1.날씬한 2.가느다란 3.(양, 크기)부족한 // 1)her slender figure. long, slender fingers. 2)a glass with a slender stem. 3)to win by a slender margin / majority. people of slender means (= with little money). Australia held a slender 1-0 lead at half-time. sustenance // fare, food, nourishment // 영양물, 음식 // There's not much sustenance in a bowl of soup. (figurative) Arguing would only give further sustenance to his allegations. understand // comprehend, grasp, make head or tail of // 이해하다 // Can you understand French? Do you understand the instructions? She didn't understand the form she was signing. I'm not sure that I understand. Go over it again. Doctors still don't understand much about the disease. No one is answering the phone--I can't understand it. unparalleled // unique, matchless, unequaled, peerless, unrivaled // 비길 데 없는 // It was an unparalleled opportunity to develop her career. The book has enjoyed a success unparalleled in recent publishing history. unquestionable // definite, absolute, incontrovertible, indisputable // 확실한 // a man of unquestionable honesty. // // Lesson 50 ends. attempt // try, seek // 시도하다 // [attempt (to do sth) | attempt (at sth / at doing sth)] Two factories were closed in an attempt to cut costs. They made no attempt to escape. I passed my driving test at the first attempt. The couple made an unsuccessful attempt at a compromise. beneath // 1.under, underneath, below 2.inferior to, not so important as // 1.~의 밑에, 아래에 2.(신분)~보다 낮은 // 1)They found the body buried beneath a pile of leaves. The boat sank beneath the waves. 2)He considers such jobs beneath him. They thought she had married beneath her (= married a man of lower social status). cohere // 1.be consistent, hang together 2.stick together, hold together, bind, cling // 1.일관성이 있다 2.단결하다 // [cohere (with sth)] 1)This view does not cohere with their other beliefs. 2)It can be difficult to get a group of people to cohere. collect // 1.build up, accumulate, gather, pile up // 1.모으다, 쌓다 2.모이다 // [collect sth (from sb/sth)] to collect data / evidence / information. We're collecting signatures for a petition. Samples were collected from over 200 patients. 2)A crowd began to collect in front of the embassy. count for nothing // be unimportant // 중요하지 않다 // The fact that she had apologized counted for nothing with him. creative // inventive, imaginative // 창조적인 // a course on creative writing (= writing stories, plays and poems). the creative and performing arts. creative thinking (= thinking about problems in a new way or thinking of new ideas). the company's creative team. the creative process. disinterested // impartial, objective, unbiased, fair, just // 공정한, 사심없는 // a disinterested onlooker / spectator. Her advice appeared to be disinterested. distinguishable // differentiated // 구별되는 // [distinguishable (from sb/sth)] The male bird is easily distinguishable from the female. The coast was barely distinguishable in the mist. erudite // logical, learned, educated, knowledgeable // 학식있는 // He's erudite, enormously warm and most of all, a golfer. exceptionally // 1.outstandingly, extraordinarily, remarkably 2.unusually, uncommonly, abnormally // 1.특히 2.예외적으로 // 1)The weather, even for January, was exceptionally cold. I thought Bill played exceptionally well. 2)Exceptionally, students may be accepted without formal qualifications. final // terminal, ultimate, conclusive // 마지막의, 궁극적인 // his final act as party leader. The referee blew the final whistle. The project is in its final stages. I'd like to return to the final point you made. for the sake of // for the purpose of // ~을 위하여 // (= for sb's / sth's sake) They stayed together for the sake of the children. You can do it. Please, for my sake. I hope you're right, for all our sakes (= because this is important for all of us). impartial // neutral, disinterested, unbiased, unprejudiced, objective // 공정한, 공평한 // an impartial inquiry / observer. to give impartial advice. As chairman, I must remain impartial. impolite // uncivil, rude, discourteous, coarse // 무례한 // Some people think it is impolite to ask someone's age. impregnable // unassailable, invincible // 난공불락의, 견고한 // an impregnable fortress. indifference // unconcern, apathy, inattention // 무관심 // [indifference (to sb/sth)] his total indifference to what people thought of him. What she said is a matter of complete indifference to me. Their father treated them with indifference. an indifference to the needs of others. induce // 1.persuade, instigate, urge, prompt // 1.설득하여 ~하게 하다 2.야기하다 // 1)Nothing would induce me to take the job. 2)drugs which induce sleep. a drug-induced coma. inhabitant // citizen, dweller, tenant, resident // 주민, 서식동물 // the oldest inhabitant of the village. a town of 11 000 inhabitants. jolt // 1.jerk 2.shock, impact // 1.급격한 동작 2.(정신적)충격 // 1)The plane landed with a jolt. 2)a jolt of dismay. lubricious // 1.lewd 2.slippery, smooth // 1.음란한 2.매끄러운 negligible // insignificant, trivial, trifle, unimportant // 사소한, 하찮은 // The cost was negligible. a negligible amount. obscure // 1.unknown 2.uncertain, dim, faint, indistinct, ambiguous, unclear // 1.알려지지 않은 2.애매한 3.숨기다, 가리다 // 1)an obscure German poet. He was born around 1650 but his origins remain obscure. 2)I found her lecture very obscure. For some obscure reason, he failed to turn up. 3)The view was obscured by fog. We mustn't let these minor details obscure the main issue. omnipresent // ubiquitous // 어디에나 존재하는 // These days the media are omnipresent. overpower // overwhelm, subdue, vanquish, subjugate // 제압하다, 압도하다 // Police finally managed to overpower the gunman. peculiar // 1.odd, strange, distinct, unusual, unique, eccentric // 1.기묘한, 괴상한 2.특유의 // 1)a peculiar smell / taste. There was something peculiar in the way he smiled. I had a peculiar feeling we'd met before. For some peculiar reason, she refused to come inside. prohibitive // 1.exorbitant, excessively high, extortionate, excessive 2.proscriptive, prohibitory // 1.아주비싼 2.금지의 // 1)prohibitive costs. The price of property in the city is prohibitive. 2)prohibitive legislation. prophetic // predictive // 예언적인 // Many of his warnings proved prophetic. proprietor // owner, landlord // 소유주 // newspaper proprietors. protrude // stick out, stand out, project // 튀어나오다 // [protrude (from sth)] protruding teeth. He hung his coat on a nail protruding from the wall. proximity // nearness, closeness // 가까움, 근접 // [proximity (of sb/sth) (to sb/sth)] a house in the proximity of (= near) the motorway. The proximity of the college to London makes it very popular. The area has a number of schools in close proximity to each other. the death of two members of her family in close proximity. reliable // trustworthy, dependable, credible // 믿을 수 있는 // We are looking for someone who is reliable and hard-working. a reliable friend. My car's not as reliable as it used to be. resort to // have recourse to, fall back on, look to, turn to, make use of // 의지하다, 사용하다 // They felt obliged to resort to violence. We may have to resort to using untrained staff. seek // 1.look for, search for, pursue 2.try out, strive, attempt, essay // 1.찾다, 추구하다 2.노력하다, 시도하다 // 1)[seek (for) sth/sb] Drivers are advised to seek alternative routes. (BrE) They sought in vain for somewhere to shelter. 2)They quickly sought to distance themselves from the protesters. statue // figure // 조각상 // Churchill's statue stands outside the parliament building. A bronze statue was erected in his honour. straight away // immediately, right away // 즉시 // I'll do it straight away. string // series, chain // 일련, 연속 // a string of hits. He owns a string of racing stables. tangled // 1.twisted together // 1.뒤엉킨 2.복잡한 // 1)tangled hair / bed clothes. 2)tangled financial affairs. telling // 1.revealing, significant; convincing, persuasive // 1.중대한, 효과적인 2.명시하는 // 1)a telling argument. 2)The number of homeless people is a telling comment on the state of society. track // follow, chase, trace, observe // 추적하다 // hunters tracking and shooting bears. We continued tracking the plane on our radar. The research project involves tracking the careers of 400 graduates. traditional // usual, customary, conventional // 전통의 // traditional dress. It's traditional in America to eat turkey on Thanksgiving Day. underneath // below, beneath // ~의 아래에 // The coin rolled underneath the piano. This jacket's too big, even with a sweater underneath. underway // under way, continuing, in progress, already commenced // 진행중인 // Preparations are well under way for a week of special events in May. // // Lesson 51 ends. abide // 1.tolerate, bear, stand, put up with 2.inhabit, reside, remain // 1.참다 2.살다, 머물다 // 1)[can't / couldn't ~ sb/sth] I can't abide people with no sense of humour. He couldn't abide the thought of being cooped up in an office. 2)May joy and peace abide in us all. accomplished // skilled, proficient // 뛰어난, 숙련된 // an accomplished artist / actor / chef. She was an elegant and accomplished woman. apprehend // understand, grasp, comprehend // 이해하다 // They were slow to apprehend the danger. average // mean, median // 평균(치) // Temperatures are above / below average for the time of year. 400 people a year die of this disease on average. Class sizes in the school are below the national average. The average of 4, 5 and 9 is 6. Parents spend an average of $220 a year on toys. blend // compound, fuse, mingle, mix // 섞다 // [blend A with B | blend A and B (together)] Blend the flour with the milk to make a smooth paste. Blend together the eggs, sugar and flour. [blend (with sth) | blend (together)] The old and new buildings blend together perfectly. Their music blends traditional and modern styles. block // 1.obstacle, barrier, blockade 2.prevent, hinder // 1.장애물 2.막다, 방해하다 // 1)Lack of training acts as a block to progress in a career. 2)After today's heavy snow, many roads are still blocked. a blocked sink. [block the / sb’s way, exit, view, etc.] One of the guards moved to block her path. An ugly new building blocked the view from the window. compel // oblige, force, coerce, constrain // 강요하다 // The law can compel fathers to make regular payments for their children. I feel compelled to write and tell you how much I enjoyed your book. Last year ill health compelled his retirement. congress // 1.meeting, assembly, conference, convention // 1.회의, 모임 2.국회, 의회 // 1)an international congress of trades unions. 2)[Congress (in the US and some other countries)] Congress will vote on the proposals tomorrow. couple // 1.pair, brace, duo 2.a few // 1.한 쌍 2.약간 // 1)[couple (of sth)] I saw a couple of men get out. 2)[couple (of sth)] a couple of minutes. We went there a couple of years ago. I've seen her a couple of times before. I'll be with you in a minute. There are a couple of things I have to do first. There are a couple more files to read first. We can do it in the next couple of weeks. disorder // chaos, disorganization, mess, confusion // 무질서 // His financial affairs were in complete disorder. The room was in a state of disorder. encounter // 1.meet with, run into 2.come across // 1.(곤란, 위험)부닥치다, 직면하다 2.(우연히)만나다 // 1)We encountered a number of difficulties in the first week. I had never encountered such resistance before. 2)She was the most remarkable woman he had ever encountered. erroneous // incorrect, mistaken, false // 잘못된 // erroneous conclusions / assumptions. expertise // art, craft, skill, mastery // 전문 기술 // [expertise (in sth / in doing sth)] professional / scientific / technical, etc. expertise. They have considerable expertise in dealing with oil spills. We have the expertise to help you run your business. fame // renown, reputation, eminence, celebrity, honor // 명성 // to achieve / win instant fame. to rise / shoot to fame overnight. Andrew Lloyd Webber of 'vita' fame (= famous for 'Evita'). The town's only claim to fame is that there was once a riot there. She went to Hollywood in search of fame and fortune. found // create, set up, establish // 창설하다 // to found a club / company. Her family founded the college in 1895. imitate // simulate, mimic, copy, reproduce, mock // 흉내내다, 모방하다 // She knew that the girls used to imitate her and laugh at her behind her back. incredulous // disbelieving, unbelieving, skeptical, doubtful, dubious // 의심 많은 // 'Here?' said Kate, incredulous. an incredulous look. in opposition to // counter to, con // ~에 반대하여 // Protest marches were held in opposition to the proposed law. means // method, way, process // 수단, 방법 // [means (of doing sth / of sth)] Television is an effective means of communication. Is there any means of contacting him? Have you any means of identification? We needed to get to London but we had no means of transport. medium // 2.means, instrument // 1.중간의 2.매체 3.수단, 방법 // 1)a medium-size car / business / town. a man of medium height / build. 2)he medium of radio / television. electronic / audio-visual media. Television is the modern medium of communication. 3)English is the medium of instruction (= the language used to teach other subjects). Video is a good medium for learning a foreign language. misleading // deceptive, deluding, confusing // 현혹시키는 // misleading information / advertisements. onset // beginning, opening, outbreak // 시작, 개시 // the onset of disease / old age / winter. overwhelm // overcome, overpower, crush // 압도 (제압)하다 // She was overwhelmed by feelings of guilt. The beauty of the landscape overwhelmed me. The army was overwhelmed by the rebels. phenomenon // occurrence, appearance // 사건, 현상 // cultural / natural / social phenomena. Globalization is a phenomenon of the 21st century. (pl) phenomena. pinnacle // the highest point, top, peak // 1.정상, 절정 2.뾰족한 봉우리 // 1)[pinnacle of sth] the pinnacle of her career. the pinnacle of academic achievement. pinpoint // 3.precise // 1.위치를 정확히 나타내다 2.(원인등) 정확히 지적하다 3.정확한 // 1)He was able to pinpoint on the map the site of the medieval village. 2)The report pinpointed the areas most in need of help. 3)The pilots bombed strategic targets with pinpoint accuracy. pliable // smoothly shaped, easy to shape, easily shaped // 휘기 쉬운, 유연한 // a shoe made of soft, pliable leather. rear // 2.bottom 3.bring sb up, raise, nurture, nurse // 1.뒤 2.엉덩이 3.기르다 // 1)[(usually the rear)] A trailer was attached to the rear of the truck. There are toilets at both front and rear of the plane. 2)a kick in the rear. 3)She reared a family of five on her own. repair // mend, amend, fix, remodel // 고치다 // to repair a car / roof / road / television. It's almost 15 years old. It isn't worth having it repaired. residue // remain, remnant, leftover, dregs // 나머지, 잔여 // pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables. scanty // short, meager, insufficient, deficient // 부족한, 너무 적은, 너무 작은 // Details of his life are scanty. a scanty bikini. sense // 1.sensory faculty, feeling 2.awareness, feeling 3.appreciation, awareness 4.meaning, signification // 1.감각 2.느낌 3.감각, 센스 4.의미 // 1)the five senses. the sense organs (= eyes, ears, nose, etc.) 2)a strong sense of purpose / identity / duty, etc. 3)One of the most important things in a partner is a sense of humour. 4)The word 'love' is used in different senses by different people. substrate // substratum, underlying layer // 하층, 기저 subtle // 1.hardly perceived, imperceptible, elusive // 1.알아채기 어려운, 미묘한 2.교묘한 // 1)subtle colours / flavours / smells, etc. There are subtle differences between the two versions. She's been dropping subtle hints about what she'd like as a present. 2)(of a person or their behaviour) I decided to try a more subtle approach. tedious // tiresome, irksome, wearisome, monotonous, boring // 지루한 // The journey soon became tedious. We had to listen to the tedious details of his operation. toxic // poisonous, toxicant, venomous // 유독한, 독성의 // toxic chemicals / fumes / gases / substances. to dispose of toxic waste. Many pesticides are highly toxic. ultimately // 1.eventually, in the end, finally, after all, at last // 1.궁극적으로, 마침내 2.근본적으로, 기본적으로 // 1)Ultimately, you'll have to make the decision yourself. A poor diet will ultimately lead to illness. 2)All life depends ultimately on oxygen. universally // everywhere, generally, invariably // 1.일반적으로, 보편적으로 2.어디에서나, 어떤상황이든지 // 1)to be universally accepted. 2)This treatment is not universally available. The theory does not apply universally. usual // typical, common, accustomed, familiar // 흔한, 보통의, 일상의 // It's unusual for the trees to flower so early. She has a very unusual name. It's not unusual for young doctors to work a 70-hour week (= it happens often). // // Lesson 52 ends. adjacent // near by, adjoining, neighboring // 인접한, 근처의 // [adjacent (to sth)] The planes landed on adjacent runways. Our farm land was adjacent to the river. alter // 1.modify, change, metamorphose, vary // 1.바꾸다 2.수선하다 // 1) Prices did not alter significantly during 2004. He had altered so much I scarcely recognized him. It doesn't alter the way I feel. Nothing can alter the fact that we are to blame. 2)[have/get something altered] She had the dress altered for the wedding. bare // 1.uncovered, naked, nude, exposed 2.empty, unfurnished 3.straightforward, plain, simple // 1.노출된, 나체의 2.텅빈 3.단순한, 기본의 // 1)She likes to walk around in bare feet. 2)The fridge was completely bare. bare shelves. 3)The family was short of even the bare necessities of life. We only had the bare essentials in the way of equipment. burden // 1.load 2.tax, charge, load // 1.짐, 부담 2.(짐, 부담 등을) 지우다 // 1)[the ~ (of sth) | a ~ (on / to sb)] to bear / carry / ease / reduce / share the burden. The main burden of caring for old people falls on the state. the heavy tax burden on working people. 2)[burden sb / yourself (with sth)] They have burdened themselves with a high mortgage. I don't want to burden you with my worries clout // influence, pull, power // 권력, 영향력 // political / financial clout. I knew his opinion carried a lot of clout with them. commodity // 1.goods, product, merchandise, ware // 1.상품 2.유용한 것 // 1)(economics) rice, flour and other basic commodities. a drop in commodity prices. Crude oil is the world's most important commodity. 2)Water is a precious commodity that is often taken for granted in the West. constellation // 2.collection // 1.별자리 2.(유사 성질의) 모임, 집합체 // 2)a constellation of Hollywood talent. daunt // intimidate, discourage, dishearten // 두렵게하다, 기를죽이다 // She was a brave woman but she felt daunted by the task ahead. He felt utterly daunted by the prospect of moving to another country. Don't be daunted by all the technology. delight // 1.joy 2.please, gratify, amuse, charm // 1.기쁨, 즐거움 2.기쁘게 하다 // 1)a feeling of sheer / pure delight. The children squealed with delight when they saw the puppy. She won the game easily, to the delight of all her fans. He takes (great) delight in (= enjoys) proving others wrong. 2)This news will delight his fans all over the world. deluxe // luxurious, opulent, lavish, rich // 사치스런, 호화로운 // a deluxe hotel. The deluxe model costs a lot more. depressed // 3.concave, low, sunken // 1.낙담한 2.불경기의 3.움푹 들어간, 내려 앉은 // 1)She felt very depressed about the future. 2)an attempt to bring jobs to depressed areas. 3)a depressed fracture of the skull. endless // limitless, incessant, perpetual, ceaseless // 끝없는 // endless patience. endless opportunities for making money. The possibilities are endless. an endless list of things to do. We don't have an endless supply of money, you know. especially // notably, specifically, particularly // 특히 // The car is quite small, especially if you have children. Teenagers are very fashion conscious, especially girls. I love Rome, especially in th